機(jī)械設(shè)計過程外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯@中英翻譯@外文翻譯

1、<p>　　The Design of Machinery Process</p><p>　　Design Invention Creativity</p><p>　　These are all familiar terms but may mean different things to different people. These terms can encompass

2、 a wide range of activities from styling the newest look in clothing, to creating impressive architecture, to engineering a machine for the manufacture of facial tissues. Engineering design, which we are concerned with h

3、ere, embodies all three of these activities as well as many others. The word design is derived from the Latin designare, which means “to designate, or mark out.” Webster’s giv</p><p>　　Much of engineering ed

4、ucation deals with topics of analysis, which means to decompose, to take apart, to resolve into its constituent parts. This is quite necessary. The engineer must know how to analyze systems of various types, mechanical,

5、electrical, thermal or fluid. Analysis requires a thorough understanding of both the appropriate mathematical techniques and the fundamental physics of the system’s function. But, before any system can be analyzed, it mu

6、st exist, and a blank sheet of paper p</p><p>　　The design engineer, in practice, regardless of discipline, continuously faces the challenge of structuring the unstructured problem. Inevitably, the problem a

7、s posed to the engineer is ill-defined and incomplete. Before any attempt can be made to analyze the situation he or she must first carefully define the problem, using an engineering approach. To ensure that any proposed

8、 solution will solve the right problem. Many examples exist of excellent engineering solutions which were ultimately reje</p><p>　　Much research has been devoted to the definition of various “design processe

9、s” intended to provide means to structure the unstructured problem and lead to a viable solution. Some of these processes present dozens of steps, others only a few. The one presented in table 1-1 contains 10 steps and h

10、as, in the author’s experience, proven successful in over 30 years of practice in engineering design.</p><p>　　ITERATION Before discussing each of these steps in detail it is necessary to point out that th

11、is is not a process in which one proceeds from step one through ten in a linear fashion. Rather it is, by its nature, an iterative process in which progress is made haltingly, two steps forward and one step back. It is i

12、nherently circular. To iterate means to repeat, to return to a previous state. If, for example, your apparently great idea, upon analysis, turns out to violate the second law of thermo</p><p>　　Identificatio

13、n of Need</p><p>　　This first step is often done for you by someone, boss or client, saying “What we need is...” Typically this statement will be brief and lacking in detail. It will fall far short of provid

14、ing you with a structured problem statement. For example, the problem statement might be “We need a better lawn mower.”</p><p>　　Background research</p><p>　　This is the most important phase in

15、the process, and is unfortunately often the most neglected. The term research, used in this context, should not conjure up visions of white-coated scientists mixing concoctions in test tubes. Rather this is research of a

16、 more mundane sort, gathering background information on the relevant physics, chemistry, or other aspects of the problem. Also it is desirable to find out if this, or a similar problem, has been solved before. There is n

17、o point in reinventing t</p><p>　　Goal Statement</p><p>　　Once the background of the problem area as originally stated is fully understood, you will be ready to recast that problem into a more c

18、oherent goal statement. This new problem statement should have three characteristics. It should be concise, be general, and be uncolored by any terms which predict a solution. It should be couched in terms of functional

19、visualization, meaning to visualize its function, rather than any particular embodiment. For example, if the original statement of need was “Des</p><p>　　Performance Specifications</p><p>　　When

20、 the background is understood, and the goal clearly stated, you are ready to formulate a set of performance specifications. These should not be design specifications. The difference is that performance specifications def

21、ine what the system must do, while design specifications define how it must do it. At this stage of the design process it is unwise to attempt to specify how the goal is to be accomplished. That is left for the ideation

22、phase. The purpose of the performance specifications is </p><p>　　Note that these specifications constrain the design without overly restricting the engineer’s design freedom. It would be inappropriate to re

23、quire a gasoline engine for specification 1, since other possibilities exist which will provide the desired mobility. Likewise, to demand stainless steel for all components in specification 2 would be unwise, since corro

24、sion resistance can be obtained by other, less-expensive means. In short, the performance specifications serve to define the problem in as </p><p>　　Ideation and Invention</p><p>　　This step is

25、full of both fun and frustration. This phase is potentially the most satisfying to most designers, but it is also the most difficult. A great deal of research has been done to explore the phenomenon of “creativity.” It i

26、s, most D, a common human trait. It is certainly exhibited to a very high degree by all young children. The rate and degree of development that occurs in the human from birth through the first few years of life certainly

27、 requires some innate creativity. Some have cla</p><p>　　CRENATIVE PROCESSMany techniques have been developed to enhance or inspire creative problem solving. In fact, just as design processes have been defi

28、ned, so has the creative process shown in Table 1-3 . This creative process can be thought of as a subset of the design process and to exist within it. The ideation and invention step can thus be broken down into these f

29、our substeps. </p><p>　　IDEA GENERATION is the most difficult of these steps. Even very creative people have difficult in inventing “on demand.” Many techniques have been suggested to improve the yield of

30、ideas. The most important technique is that of deferred judgment, which means that your criticality should be temporarily suspended. Do not try to judge the quality of your ideas at this stage. That will be taken care of

31、 later, in the analysis phase. The goal here is to obtain as large a quantity of potential design</p><p>　　BRAINSTORMING is a technique for which some claim great success in generating creative solutions. T

32、his technique requires a group, preferably 6 to 15 people, and attempts to circumvent the largest barrier to creativity, which is fear of ridicule. Most people, when in a group, will not suggest their real thoughts on a

33、subject, for fear of being laughed at. Brainstorming’s rules require that no one is allowed to make fun of or criticize anyone’s suggestions, no matter how ridiculous. One particip</p><p>　　When working alon

34、e, other techniques are necessary. Analogies and inversion are often useful. Attempt to draw analogies between the problem at hand and other physical contexts. If it is a mechanical problem,

35、convert it by analogy to a fluid or electrical one. Inversion turns the problem inside out. For example, consider what you want moved to be stationary and vice versa. Insights often follow. Another useful aid to creativi

36、ty is the use of synonyms. Define the actio</p><p>　　Problem statement: Move this object from point A to point B.</p><p>　　The action verb is “move.” Some synonyms are push, pull, slip, shove, t

37、hrow, eject, jump, and spill.</p><p>　　By whatever means, the aim in this ideation step is to generate a large number of ideas without particular regard to quality. But, at some point, your “mental well” wil

38、l go dry. You will have then reached the step in the creative process called frustration. It is time to leave the problem and do something else for a time. While your conscious mind is occupied with other concerns, your

39、subconscious mind will still be hard at work on the problem. This is the step called incubation. Suddenly, at a </p><p>　　In “Unlocking Human Creativity” wallen describes three requirements for creative insi

40、ght:</p><p>　　﹒Fascination with a problem.</p><p>　　﹒Saturation with the facts, technical ideas, data, and the background of the problem.</p><p>　　﹒A period of reorganization.</p

41、><p>　　The first of these provides the motivation to solve the problem. The second is the background research step described above. The period of reorganization refers to the frustration phase when your subcons

42、cious works on the problem. Wallen reports that testimony from creative people tells us that in this period of reorganization they have no conscious concern with the particular problem and that the moment of insight freq

43、uently appears in the midst of relaxation or sleep. So to enhance your creati</p><p><b>　　Analysis </b></p><p>　　Once you are at this stage, you have structured the problem, at least

44、 temporarily, and can now apply more sophisticated analysis techniques to examine the performance of the design in the analysis phase of the design process. Further iteration will be required as problems are discovered f

45、rom the analysis. Repetition of as many earlier steps in the design process as necessary must be done to ensure the success of the design.</p><p>　　Selection </p><p>　　When the technical analysi

46、s indicates that you have some potentially viable designs, the best one available must be selected for detailed design, prototyping, and testing. The selection process usually involves a comparative analysis of the avail

47、able design solutions. A decision matrix sometimes helps to identify the best solution by forcing you to consider a variety of factors in a systematic way. A decision matrix for our better grass shortener is shown in Fig

48、ure 1-2. Each design occupies a ro</p><p>　　This step usually includes the creation of a complete set of assembly and detail drawings or computer-aided design (CAD) part files, for each and every part used i

49、n the design. Each detail drawing must specify all the dimensions and the material specifications necessary to make that part. From these drawings (or CAD files) a prototype test model (or models) must be constructed for

50、 physical testing. Most likely the tests will discover more flaws, requiring further iteration.</p><p>　　Prototyping and Testing</p><p>　　MODELS Ultimately, one cannot be sure of the correctne

51、ss or viability of any design until it is built and tested. This usually involves the construction of a prototype physical model. A mathematical model, while very useful, can never be as complete and accurate a represent

52、ation of the actual physical system as a physical model, due to the need to make simplifying assumptions. Prototypes are often very expensive but may be the most economical way to prove a design, short of building the ac

53、tual</p><p>　　TESTING of the model or prototype may range from simply actuating it and observing its function to attaching extensive instrumentation to accurately measure displacements, velocities, accelera

54、tions, forces, temperatures, and other parameters. Tests may need to be done under controlled environmental conditions such as high or low temperature or humidity. The microcomputer has made it possible to measure many p

55、henomena more accurately and inexpensively than could be done before.</p><p>　　Production </p><p>　　Finally, with enough time, money, and perseverance, the design will be ready for production. T

56、his might consist of the manufacture of a single final version of the design, but more likely will mean making thousands or even millions of your widget. The danger, expense, and embarrassment of finding flaws in your de

57、sign after making large quantities of defective devices should inspire you to use the greatest care in the earlier steps of the design process to ensure that it is properly engineered.</p><p>　　The design pr

58、ocess is widely used in engineering. Engineering is usually defined in terms of what an engineer does, but engineering can also be defined in terms of how the engineer does what he or she does. Engineering is as much a m

59、ethod, an approach, a process, a state of mind for problem solving, as it is an activity. The engineering approach is that of thoroughness, attention to detail, and consideration of all the possibilities. While it may se

60、em a contradiction in terms to emphasize “atten</p><p><b>　　外文翻譯（中文）</b></p><p><b>　　機(jī)械設(shè)計過程</b></p><p><b>　　設(shè)計、發(fā)明與創(chuàng)造</b></p><p>　　這幾

61、個術(shù)語都是大家熟悉的。但對不同的人又有不同的含義。這幾個術(shù)語也包括很寬的行業(yè)范圍，從設(shè)計符合時代潮流的最新款式服裝到創(chuàng)作令人難以忘懷的建筑物，直至用于面巾紙制作的工業(yè)機(jī)器。這里所指的“工程設(shè)計”既包括上述三個行業(yè)，也可以包括許多其他行業(yè)?！癲esign”一詞是拉丁語“designare”的派生詞，其意思是“指明或策劃”。Webster給出了幾個定義，其中最適當(dāng)?shù)氖恰耙援嫴輬D、曲線或作計劃安排活動或工作……去構(gòu)想、發(fā)明、創(chuàng)新”。工程設(shè)計可

62、定義為“……為了把一個裝置、工藝或系統(tǒng)制定得十分詳細(xì)，一直可以參照實施的目的，各種技術(shù)和科學(xué)原理的利用過程?！O(shè)計可以是簡單的或是非常復(fù)雜的，容易的或是很難的，粗糙的或是精確的，它可以是一個無關(guān)緊要的問題，也可以是一個極其重要的問題”。設(shè)計是工程實踐的一個普通的組成要素。但是，工程問題復(fù)雜性習(xí)慣地要求學(xué)生用一堆結(jié)構(gòu)式、事先精心設(shè)置好的問題來闡述特定的概念或與特定問題有關(guān)的概念。這類典型的教科書式地闡述問題所采取的形式是“已知A、B、C

63、、D，求E”?？上У氖?，現(xiàn)實的工程問題幾乎從不是這種機(jī)構(gòu)式問題。實際設(shè)計問題通常采取的形式是“我們需要一種工具，用于</p><p>　　許多工程教育在處理分析專題時，常把它理解為分解、區(qū)別、還原到它的組成部分中，這是十分重要的。一名工程師必須懂得如何分析機(jī)械、電子、熱力或流體的各類系統(tǒng)。通過分析，要求完全弄清適用的數(shù)學(xué)方法和系統(tǒng)功能的基本物理過程。但是，在進(jìn)行任何一種系統(tǒng)的分析之前，該系統(tǒng)必須是存在的，提出分析

64、的內(nèi)容并把它列在空白的表格紙上。因此，任何工程設(shè)計培養(yǎng)的第一步應(yīng)是練習(xí)綜合，這就是說學(xué)會對比研究、綜合推斷。</p><p>　　實際上，不論是哪類學(xué)科的設(shè)計工程師都會不斷地面臨結(jié)構(gòu)式和非結(jié)構(gòu)式問題的困惑，因而它所提出的問題也必然是不完全和不充分的。在進(jìn)行任何一種分析之前，必須用工程方法先仔細(xì)地定義設(shè)計問題，以確保所得的每個解都是求解實際問題的結(jié)果。在實際中也有這樣的一些例子，雖然存在一些好的解，但由于求解的是錯

65、誤問題（與委托人提出的問題有區(qū)別）而被棄用。</p><p>　　一些人專心致力于確定“設(shè)計過程”的研究，想為求解結(jié)構(gòu)式和非結(jié)構(gòu)式問題提出方法，并得出其可行解。在這類研究中，有些人把設(shè)計過程歸納為幾個步驟或幾十個步驟，但根據(jù)作者30余年的工程設(shè)計實踐的成功經(jīng)驗，一個設(shè)計過程至少應(yīng)包含10個步驟，見表1-1。</p><p>　　反復(fù) 在詳細(xì)討論每個設(shè)計步驟之前，必須指出的一點是，每一次的

66、設(shè)計過程都不是按部就班地進(jìn)行，不是從第一步筆直做到第十步。更確切地說，設(shè)計從本質(zhì)上說是一個反復(fù)的過程，而且每一次反復(fù)都有所前進(jìn)和提高。反復(fù)意味著重復(fù)，返回到前一步。例如，如果當(dāng)你的重大構(gòu)思經(jīng)過分析，結(jié)果證明是違背熱力學(xué)第二定律的，則須發(fā)回到形成概念那一步，以獲得一個更好的構(gòu)思！火者，如有必要則返回到設(shè)計過程的最初幾步，甚至返回到背景調(diào)查，認(rèn)識問題的更多方面。以設(shè)計過程的實際實施包括反復(fù)為前提，下面簡要地討論表1-1中所列的每一個設(shè)計步驟

67、。</p><p><b>　　需求識別</b></p><p>　　需求識別是設(shè)計師根據(jù)主管或委托人說的“我們需求什么……”所要做的第一步工作。由于需求的提法往往是簡短而不詳細(xì)的，而且是非常不具體的，例如，“我們需要一臺較好的割草機(jī)”。</p><p><b>　　背景調(diào)查</b></p><p>

68、;　　背景調(diào)查是設(shè)計過程中很重要的一個階段，但遺憾的是經(jīng)常被忽視。設(shè)計過程中的調(diào)查，不應(yīng)該像穿白外套的科學(xué)家憑想象地在試管內(nèi)攪拌配制品那樣，更確切地說，是對設(shè)計問題進(jìn)行調(diào)查研究，收集于該問題有關(guān)的物理、化學(xué)或其他方面的背景信息。如果該類問題（或相類似問題）以前曾求解過，則應(yīng)把它找出來，不要重蹈覆轍。如果很幸運地在市面上找到了一個縣城求解結(jié)果，則應(yīng)把它購買進(jìn)來，總要比自己設(shè)計經(jīng)濟(jì)些。絕大多數(shù)不是這種情況，但是通過調(diào)查研究現(xiàn)存的、有關(guān)的相似

69、工藝和產(chǎn)品的“技術(shù)”，你可以學(xué)到很多與要求借問題有關(guān)的東西。有關(guān)信息可以從相應(yīng)的專利或技術(shù)文獻(xiàn)以及通過全球網(wǎng)查詢中得到。很明顯，如果找到了現(xiàn)成的解或是一個還有效的專利，那么就可以有幾種選擇：購買現(xiàn)成解的專利、自行設(shè)計但不與專利沖突，或者終止項目。為了避免對不正確問題策劃一個重大的解而造成浪費，對背景調(diào)查和設(shè)計過程的準(zhǔn)備，多用一些時間和精力是非常必要的。經(jīng)驗不多的工程師都不太重視這個階段，想跳過這個階段，并很快地進(jìn)入設(shè)計過程的構(gòu)思和發(fā)明，

70、這是必須避免的！應(yīng)該告誡自己在尚未做好充分準(zhǔn)備之前，就不要著手去解決問題。</p><p><b>　　目標(biāo)陳述</b></p><p>　　一旦完全明白了原先表述的設(shè)計問題的背景，就應(yīng)該把設(shè)計問題改寫為更明晰的目標(biāo)陳述。對一個新設(shè)計問題，目標(biāo)陳述應(yīng)有三個特征：一般應(yīng)是簡明的：應(yīng)該不經(jīng)任何措辭修飾，并對其問題有一個預(yù)定的解；應(yīng)該根據(jù)它的功能給出形象化描述（即使它的功能

71、具體化）。例如，原先對需求說的是“設(shè)計一臺較好的割草機(jī)”，在調(diào)查過許多種割草方法經(jīng)仔細(xì)考慮之后，以為聰明的設(shè)計師回重述目標(biāo)為“設(shè)計一種拔草剪短的工具”。這一新的目標(biāo)陳述已經(jīng)從有特色詞“割草機(jī)”插入新的具體要求。對許多人來說，這個階段也可能憑想象去考慮種種事情，如飛旋的刀片、有噪聲的發(fā)動機(jī)等。通過反復(fù)深入研究便可以成功地避開這類想象，而且把問題的陳述概括的簡練和清晰。作為一次練習(xí)，讀者不妨列出十種剪短草的方法，更多的就不必要了，因為你已經(jīng)

72、要對十種較好的割草機(jī)進(jìn)行設(shè)計?？梢岳霉δ苄蜗蠡苊鈱?chuàng)造性的不必要的限制！</p><p><b>　　性能技術(shù)條件</b></p><p>　　當(dāng)實際問題的背景已做詳盡調(diào)查，設(shè)計目標(biāo)已經(jīng)陳述清楚，接著就應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)備建立一組性能技術(shù)條件。應(yīng)該注意的是，性能技術(shù)條件不是設(shè)計技術(shù)條件，區(qū)別在于，性能技術(shù)條件定義系統(tǒng)必須做到什么，而設(shè)計技術(shù)條件是定義必須如何把它做出來。在這個

73、設(shè)計階段中，想要規(guī)定出如何完成目標(biāo)是不明智的，意味著還屬于表1-1中的構(gòu)思階段。性能技術(shù)條件目的是仔細(xì)定義與約束設(shè)計問題，使它既能求解而事實上又能把它解出來。有關(guān)“割草機(jī)”的一組性能技術(shù)條件見表1-2。</p><p>　　需要指出，約束設(shè)計問題的技術(shù)條件不應(yīng)該過分地限制工程師的設(shè)計自由度。例如，對技術(shù)條件1規(guī)定要求用汽油發(fā)動機(jī)是不適宜的，因為還有其他可選用的動力裝置，而且都能提供所要求的運動。同樣，對技術(shù)條件2

74、規(guī)定所有零件采用不銹鋼也是愚蠢的，以為防銹亦可以采用其他聯(lián)建的材料。簡言之，性能技術(shù)條件即完整地定義了設(shè)計問題，又盡可能地規(guī)定出一般的一種式樣，并且可以起到完成設(shè)計問題的契約定義的作用。最終的設(shè)計可以根據(jù)技術(shù)條件進(jìn)行驗收。</p><p><b>　　構(gòu)思與發(fā)明</b></p><p>　　這一步既充滿挑戰(zhàn)又有挫折。這一設(shè)計階段也最能證明工程師的潛在能力，但也是最難的

75、一步工作。不少研究都曾探索過“創(chuàng)造力”的現(xiàn)象，多數(shù)認(rèn)為這是人類的一個共同特性。就所有的幼小兒童來說，亦顯示出非常強(qiáng)的創(chuàng)造力。人類初生最初幾年的創(chuàng)造力發(fā)展速度與程度當(dāng)然要求有毛種天性。有些人認(rèn)為，西方的教育方法由于鼓勵統(tǒng)一性和限制個性而抑制兒童的自然創(chuàng)造力。從幼兒園小班的“線內(nèi)著色”到大班的暗礁才沒模仿寫字都會抑制個性的發(fā)展，但卻有力融合于社會。這對避免無政府狀態(tài)或許是必須的，但有可能影響每個人的思想創(chuàng)造力。有一些人論點認(rèn)為，創(chuàng)造力是可教

76、會的，也有一些人指認(rèn)為創(chuàng)造力是遺傳的，無論哪一種說法都沒有什么根據(jù)，其實一個人抑制或喪失的創(chuàng)造力是可以點燃的。另一些研究提出，幾乎誰都可以利用人們的潛在創(chuàng)造力，而每個人都可以通過多種技巧來提高創(chuàng)造力。</p><p>　　創(chuàng)新過程 有許多技巧可以提高或激發(fā)設(shè)計問題的創(chuàng)新性求解。事實上，正如已經(jīng)確定設(shè)計過程那樣，也可以確定創(chuàng)新過程，見表1-3。這個過程可以看作是設(shè)計過程的一個子過程，也可以把它放在設(shè)計過程的各個

77、階段。這樣，構(gòu)思與發(fā)明步驟也可以放在這四個分步驟中。</p><p>　　概念產(chǎn)生 這一步是最困難的，甚至連非常善于創(chuàng)新的人在按“需求”進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新是也會遇到困難。目前，已經(jīng)提出許多技巧可以改進(jìn)一個概念的產(chǎn)生，其中最重要的是延期評判，意即指暫時停止評判，因為在此階段無法評判所產(chǎn)生概念的質(zhì)量，而應(yīng)該把它放在更后的分析階段謹(jǐn)慎地進(jìn)行。這一步的目的是盡可能多地獲得設(shè)計方案，甚至歡迎那種膚淺的、荒謬的想法，因為由此?？梢砸?/p>

78、發(fā)出新的見識，并提出另一些更現(xiàn)實的方案。</p><p>　　集體自由討論 這是一種獲得創(chuàng)新設(shè)計的成功的技巧。這種技巧要求成立一個由6～15人組成的小組，并盡力防止對創(chuàng)新的最大障礙的發(fā)生，如怕被嘲笑，即在一個組內(nèi)的多數(shù)人因怕被別人笑話而不想提出對該項設(shè)計的真實想法。集體自由討論的規(guī)則要求不許有人開玩笑和批評別人的提議，即使是荒謬的也無所謂。每一個參加者充當(dāng)“抄寫員”，并履行記錄全部提議（哪怕表面看是非?？尚Φ?/p>

79、）的職責(zé)。只有正當(dāng)?shù)厝プ?，這種技巧是非常有趣的，并且由于互相啟發(fā)有時可能造成想法“相互激發(fā)”，在短時間內(nèi)便有大量的想法產(chǎn)生。但對質(zhì)量的評判只能推遲到后期進(jìn)行。</p><p>　　當(dāng)單獨工作時，必須采用其他技巧，常用的是類推與反演。類推時把手頭問題與其他物理問題在某個領(lǐng)域內(nèi)作模擬，如將一個機(jī)械問題轉(zhuǎn)化為流體或電子問題。反演是把設(shè)計問題有力轉(zhuǎn)向外，例如，考慮用什么方法可將運動的物體變?yōu)楣潭ɑ蛘呦喾矗@一點在后面可以

80、看到。另一種有助于創(chuàng)新的有效計巧是同義詞的應(yīng)用，即先找出問題陳述中定義動作的動詞，然后盡可能多地列出該動詞的同義詞。</p><p><b>　　例如：</b></p><p>　　問題陳述：將此物體從A點移動到B點。</p><p>　　行為動詞是“移動”，其同義詞有：推、拉、滑、擠、拋、射、噴射、跳躍。</p><p&g

81、t;　　不論采用何種技巧與方法，構(gòu)思的目的是產(chǎn)生大量不具體涉及其性質(zhì)的想法。在某些時候，要做到讓你的“智力源泉”枯竭為止。在創(chuàng)新過程中，要使達(dá)到了這種程度，就稱之為挫折。這時，可以在是把問題放下先去做其他事。當(dāng)你的意識智力專致于其他有意思的事時，你的亞意識智力還在考慮這個設(shè)計問題，這一步就是所謂的醞釀。突然，在一個十分意外的時間和地點，一個想法出現(xiàn)在你的意識中，并且好像是顯而易見和正確地解除了問題……想出來了！當(dāng)這些解經(jīng)后續(xù)的分析發(fā)現(xiàn)有

82、一些缺陷時，如果是這樣，則需倒退和反復(fù)！或許必須更深入地調(diào)查研究，甚至可能需要重新確定問題。</p><p>　　在“激發(fā)人類創(chuàng)造性”的論文中，Wallen對創(chuàng)造性提出三點見解</p><p><b>　　·對問題的吸引力。</b></p><p>　　·集中注意事實，技術(shù)構(gòu)思、資料和問題的背景材料。</p>

83、<p><b>　　·改組時期。</b></p><p>　　在這幾個要求中首要的是解決問題的動力，其實前面說過的背景調(diào)查。改組時期是指挫折階段（這時你的亞意識還在考慮這個問題）。Wallen 的論文指出，從創(chuàng)造者的證詞可知，在這個改組時期，不考慮哪個具體問題，瞬時頓悟常常出現(xiàn)在放松或睡眠期間。因此，為了提高你的創(chuàng)造力，沉浸于問題及其背景材料里，然后放松，讓你的亞意識努力

84、工作。 </p><p><b>　　分析</b></p><p>　　一旦進(jìn)入設(shè)計過程的分析階段，至少在暫時已有了一個選定的設(shè)計方案，并立刻可以采用最現(xiàn)代的分析方法，以考查該方案的技術(shù)特性。當(dāng)經(jīng)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)問題時，為確保設(shè)計成功，重復(fù)設(shè)計過程的前面既不是必要的。 </p><p><b>　　選擇</b></p>

85、<p>　　通過技術(shù)分析表明有幾個可選用的設(shè)計方案時，一種最通用的辦法是通過詳細(xì)設(shè)計、樣機(jī)和實驗作出選擇。選擇過程也包括幾個可選用設(shè)計方案的分析與結(jié)果的比較。當(dāng)考慮多因素進(jìn)行選擇時，用分類方法中的決策矩陣可以選出最好的方案。圖1-2為一種較好的剪草機(jī)的決策矩陣，每一個設(shè)計方案在矩陣中占一行，各列為待選設(shè)計方案的各項指標(biāo)，如成本、使用簡易性、效率、性能、可靠性和其他的適當(dāng)指標(biāo)。然后對每一項指標(biāo)規(guī)定一個權(quán)因子，以量度它的相對重

86、要程度。例如，對用戶來說，可靠性要比成本是一個更為重要的判據(jù)，反之亦然。再用一個能反映每項指標(biāo)好壞級別的數(shù)（如用1～10）填在矩陣表內(nèi)。注意，這基本上是對設(shè)計指標(biāo)的一種主觀的定級。最后，需根據(jù)每一個設(shè)計的得分多少來考察設(shè)計方案，并做出決策。每項指標(biāo)所定的計乘以權(quán)因子（權(quán)因子的選擇通常是時期合為一個方便的數(shù)，如等于1）的總和即為該設(shè)計得的分。在使用這類結(jié)果時必須小心謹(jǐn)慎，因為原始資料、指標(biāo)的定級以及權(quán)因子的選擇都具有主觀性!相信這些結(jié)果比

87、進(jìn)行論證更有誘惑力。決策矩陣的實際只把問題變成更容易處理的資料，且強(qiáng)迫設(shè)計者認(rèn)真考慮每個設(shè)計各項指標(biāo)的相對值，直至可以做出一個更合理的決策，以致于</p><p><b>　　詳細(xì)設(shè)計</b></p><p>　　這一步通常包括完成裝配圖和整套零件圖的設(shè)計或計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計（CAD）的各個零件的文件。在每張零件圖上必須標(biāo)注出全部尺寸、所用材料的性質(zhì)。根據(jù)這些圖樣（或CA

88、D文件）便可以設(shè)計出實驗用的樣機(jī)或?qū)嶒災(zāi)Ｐ汀．?dāng)在實驗中發(fā)現(xiàn)一些缺陷時，需要進(jìn)一步反復(fù)。</p><p><b>　　樣機(jī)和實驗</b></p><p>　　模型 任何一項涉及直到把它制造出來和在實驗之前基本上都不能保證設(shè)計的正確性或可行性。基于這個原因，通常要求制作樣機(jī)的實物模型。數(shù)學(xué)模型雖然很有用，但由于需要簡化和假設(shè)，總不能像物理模型那樣完全正確地表征實際的系統(tǒng)

89、。樣機(jī)通常是非常昂貴的，但邊緣尺寸制作一臺裝置來檢驗設(shè)計還是要經(jīng)濟(jì)得多。樣機(jī)可以有多種形式，從按比例尺寸的模型到原尺寸的模型，都要經(jīng)過簡化，殃及只是原理的一種代表。比例模型是按照產(chǎn)品的復(fù)雜性將實際參數(shù)適當(dāng)?shù)乜s小。例如，材料的體積長度尺寸立方變化，面積按平方變化，散發(fā)到周圍環(huán)境的熱量可以取與表面面積成比例。線性化縮放一個系統(tǒng)都可能導(dǎo)致與原尺寸系統(tǒng)性能上的差別。因此，按一定比例制作物理模型時必須謹(jǐn)慎。在設(shè)計連桿機(jī)構(gòu)時，可以按所選擇長度做的硬

90、紙板用圖釘聯(lián)接起來做一個簡單的模型，便可以從中獲得大量的機(jī)構(gòu)運動的特性和品質(zhì)。作為一名設(shè)計師，應(yīng)該習(xí)慣于制作這種簡單連接的模型進(jìn)行所設(shè)計的連桿機(jī)構(gòu)的研究。</p><p>　　試驗 樣機(jī)或模型的試驗是把機(jī)器完全開動起來，并觀察其功能，與廣泛的測試設(shè)備連接可以精確地測量出位移、速度、加速度、力、溫度及其他參數(shù)。猶滴實驗也要求把溫度和濕度控制在一定的范圍內(nèi)做。用微機(jī)還可以獲得更多的、精確的、廉價的測量資料。<

91、;/p><p><b>　　生產(chǎn)</b></p><p>　　最后，還要用足夠的時間、資金和精力為設(shè)計投入生產(chǎn)做好準(zhǔn)備。生產(chǎn)是按最終設(shè)計方案的單間制造，也可以使新產(chǎn)品成千甚至上億件的成批制造。當(dāng)在制造中出現(xiàn)大量的次品時，說明設(shè)計好存在缺陷，這將使設(shè)計者難堪并造成浪費。由此進(jìn)一步得到啟發(fā)，對設(shè)計過程中的前面幾個步驟應(yīng)特別仔細(xì)，以保證設(shè)計產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量。</p>&

92、lt;p>　　在工程領(lǐng)域內(nèi)已廣泛地采用上述設(shè)計過程。一般都把工程定義為工程師根據(jù)什么去做，但也有的定義為工程師做什么和如何做。既可以把工程看作是一種方法、一個途徑、一個過程、一種解決問題的心態(tài)，也可以把它看作是一項活動。工程方法是一種完全的、精細(xì)的、全面考慮的方法?？雌饋?，強(qiáng)調(diào)“精細(xì)”與鼓勵開明的特質(zhì)、無約束的創(chuàng)造性思維是互有矛盾，其實不然，兩項活動不僅兼容而且可以共存。僅有一個創(chuàng)造性的原始思想如果沒有或不能把它付諸實施，并簡化到

93、可實際應(yīng)用的程度，那么他是沒有用的。要避免這一點，每一位設(shè)計師都必須培養(yǎng)自己洞察問題實質(zhì)的能力并不厭其煩地做好設(shè)計過程每個階段必須做好的工作。例如，要把一項設(shè)計當(dāng)作與自己聲譽(yù)有關(guān)的事情去做，必須全面地定義設(shè)計問題，如果漏掉定義中的某些細(xì)節(jié)，則最終將導(dǎo)致去求解一個錯誤的問題。因此，設(shè)計師必須仔細(xì)地研究設(shè)計問題的有關(guān)背景材料，周密地考慮問題的正確概念解，然后必須對正確概念解做錯詳細(xì)地分析，最后還必須把所選用的街進(jìn)行詳細(xì)設(shè)計，直到確信最小的螺