外文翻譯--中國主要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的顯性比較優(yōu)勢(shì)及競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力分析

1、<p><b>　　中文2479字</b></p><p>　　Revealed comparative advantage and competitiveness of China’s agricultural products</p><p><b>　　Zhan Jing</b></p><p>　　Eco

2、nomy and Management Collage, Nanhua University, Hengyang, 4210100, China</p><p>　　中國主要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的顯性比較優(yōu)勢(shì)及競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力分析</p><p><b>　　詹 晶</b></p><p>　?。先A大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院，湖南 衡陽，421001）</p>

3、;<p><b>　　譯文正文：</b></p><p>　　中國主要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的顯性比較優(yōu)勢(shì)及競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力分析</p><p><b>　　詹 晶</b></p><p>　?。先A大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院，湖南 衡陽，421001）</p><p>　　摘 要：本文在大量數(shù)據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)上測(cè)算了19

4、80－2003年期間中國部分農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的顯性比較優(yōu)勢(shì)指數(shù)及其比較競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。測(cè)算結(jié)果表明中國在可食用蔬菜、茶葉等農(nóng)產(chǎn)品上仍然具有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)，但是 24 年來中國農(nóng)產(chǎn) 品的顯性比較優(yōu)勢(shì)指數(shù)呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢(shì)。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：農(nóng)產(chǎn)品; 國際貿(mào)易; 顯性比較優(yōu)勢(shì)(RCA); 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力</p><p>　　中國的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口，為增加外匯、就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)及城鄉(xiāng)居民收入做出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。 2003年農(nóng)產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易余額為

5、2.5美元億美元，占外貿(mào)順差總額的9.8％。誠（2003）報(bào)道，由農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口可直接和間接創(chuàng)造19.88個(gè)就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。</p><p>　　巴拉薩（1965）在全球?qū)用嫔鲜状翁岢隽酥袊r(nóng)產(chǎn)品的相對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力可以通過顯示性比較優(yōu)勢(shì)分析（RCA），這對(duì)意識(shí)到中國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)地位有作用的。</p><p>　　顯示性比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的公式</p><p>　　有某些類型的測(cè)量方法可以判定

6、一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，其中RCA指數(shù)就是重要的一個(gè)，RCA的概念基于的是傳統(tǒng)的貿(mào)易理論。原來的RCA指數(shù)，由巴拉薩（1965），可以被定義為：</p><p>　　RCA= (Xij /Xit) / (Xnj / Xnt)</p><p>　　其中x表示出口,i代表一個(gè)國家，j是一種商品，xij表示i國用來出口商品j。t代表一組商品和n代表一組國家。因此,該方程分析一個(gè)國家的出口占世界出口的商

7、品與該國的出口總額占世界出口總額。如果i國家j商品的世界出口份額，占i國的所有產(chǎn)品的世界出口份額越大，RCA將越大于1，這表明一個(gè)國家在生產(chǎn)特定商品上有一個(gè)“顯性”比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。</p><p>　　RCA是基于觀察貿(mào)易模式。RCA價(jià)值的增加意味著在一國一種商品的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力增加。這種測(cè)量是很容易，它被廣泛采用。但在現(xiàn)實(shí)中，可以觀察到的貿(mào)易格局被政策和干預(yù)扭曲，因此可能會(huì)歪曲潛在的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。這在農(nóng)業(yè)部門尤其如此，政府的干預(yù)

8、是司空見慣的，這一點(diǎn)由巴拉薩（1965）指出。進(jìn)口限制的程度，出口補(bǔ)貼和其他的保護(hù)政策可能會(huì)扭曲的顯示性比較優(yōu)勢(shì)指數(shù)正在成為關(guān)注的問題。</p><p>　　作為衡量政府對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)的支持，經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織（1999）按農(nóng)業(yè)與產(chǎn)業(yè)估計(jì)總支持等值（TSEs）。這是很自然的認(rèn)為TSEs越高，產(chǎn)業(yè)越會(huì)得到支持。顯而易見的是，在聯(lián)合國的支持水平最高，隨后是美國，最低的是中國。作為世界貿(mào)易組織的承諾，所有成員國的政府干預(yù)預(yù)期減

9、弱。然而，在一些考慮的時(shí)期農(nóng)業(yè)是不可能是完全擺脫政府干預(yù)。</p><p>　　福利收益源于農(nóng)業(yè)貿(mào)易自由化,例如，泰爾斯和安德森(1988和1992)和經(jīng)合組織(1995年),這意味著農(nóng)業(yè)政策必須影響貿(mào)易流量(即容量)和可能對(duì)貿(mào)易模式(即方向)。自由是優(yōu)于各種程度的貿(mào)易限制。沃華夫和VO（1990）發(fā)現(xiàn)出口業(yè)績(jī)更受經(jīng)濟(jì)基本面影響而不是政府干預(yù),而進(jìn)口行為正好相反。</p><p>　　沃華

10、夫（1989）指出，政府的干預(yù)和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力往往是負(fù)相關(guān)的。這表明，那些露出了比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的產(chǎn)品群可以變得更具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，如果市場(chǎng)變得更加開放。RCA仍然潛在的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)提供了有益的指導(dǎo)，雖然指數(shù)是毋庸置疑的。</p><p>　　中國主要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的顯性比較優(yōu)勢(shì)</p><p>　　上述所定義的RCA指數(shù)計(jì)算了1980至2003年期間中國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口與其余的世界對(duì)比。數(shù)據(jù)來源中國國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局(國家統(tǒng)計(jì)

11、局)。所有樣品的產(chǎn)品類別和貿(mào)易覆蓋17流過24期。年度RCA指數(shù)計(jì)算這個(gè)四位數(shù)的水平,但在三位的水平。</p><p>　　表1中國主要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的RCA指數(shù)，1980-2003.</p><p>　　資料：根據(jù)國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局的數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算四位有效數(shù)字</p><p>　　以下兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域的RCA值??，可以定義為：高RCA>2，低2> RCA> 1。此外，如果R

12、CA值小于1時(shí)，表示一個(gè)國家發(fā)現(xiàn)比較劣勢(shì)（RCD）在一個(gè)特定的商品。因此，一些觀察，可以從表1中。</p><p>　　1. 1980年，中國顯示性比較優(yōu)勢(shì)在17個(gè)產(chǎn)品有7種。他們是茶葉，大米，豬肉制品，豬肉，水果，雞肉和肉類。對(duì)于其他產(chǎn)品中國是顯性比較劣勢(shì)。2003年茶葉，大米，雞肉和豬肉產(chǎn)品繼續(xù)保持其競(jìng)爭(zhēng)地位。此外，蔬菜和蘑菇獲得了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。</p><p>　　2. 在所有產(chǎn)品類的顯性

13、比較優(yōu)勢(shì)中，五種制品的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)高，其中兩種在1980年優(yōu)勢(shì)低，而在2003年只有其中兩個(gè)制品高。</p><p>　　3. 雞肉，豬肉和茶葉一直保持他們的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，在整個(gè)24年期間。</p><p>　　4. 肉、豬肉和水果是產(chǎn)品類別在1980年用RCA衡量，但是在2003年用RCD。然而,蔬菜產(chǎn)品和蘑菇的產(chǎn)品類別在1980年用RCD衡量，但是在2003年用RCA。這兩類都是加工產(chǎn)品。<

14、;/p><p>　　5. 在24年期間，4個(gè)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品類別在中國經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)改進(jìn)：蘑菇和蔬菜產(chǎn)品從“RCD”改為“RCA”，棉花和谷物的RCA值??也有所增加，但他們?nèi)匀辉赗CD位置。</p><p>　　6. 對(duì)于大多數(shù)類型的農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品,中國的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力減弱了。17產(chǎn)品類別中有12種的RCA價(jià)值經(jīng)歷了下降。</p><p><b>　　結(jié)論與展望</b>&l

15、t;/p><p>　　上述研究結(jié)果表明，在中國顯性比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品大部分是勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)品。蔬菜產(chǎn)品的上升是令人鼓舞的，部分原因在于中國在農(nóng)業(yè)的勞動(dòng)力成本低。</p><p>　　比較優(yōu)勢(shì)指數(shù)的下降水平意味著在中國的農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品中的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力正在減弱，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致以下原因。在外部，許多經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的組織已建立和合并其成員國，從而形成固體的區(qū)域貿(mào)易封鎖的經(jīng)濟(jì)體。在內(nèi)部，許多農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量不能達(dá)到國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；大多數(shù)

16、農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)是技術(shù)創(chuàng)新中的弱者。更重要的是，工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)和中介機(jī)構(gòu)沒有使其潛能充分發(fā)揮在推進(jìn)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工業(yè)，并維護(hù)市場(chǎng)秩序。</p><p>　　為加強(qiáng)中國的農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，進(jìn)一步應(yīng)努力通過發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)龍頭企業(yè)推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化推進(jìn)。國內(nèi)主要農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)者是個(gè)體農(nóng)民家庭。農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)只有在發(fā)展的最初階段。</p><p>　　當(dāng)農(nóng)民被企業(yè)和/或合作組織在家庭責(zé)任合同制度的基礎(chǔ)上組織進(jìn)行工業(yè)化管理，他們將會(huì)得到更全面

17、的服務(wù)，并將更好地分配農(nóng)業(yè)的資源。</p><p>　　在此期間，企業(yè)應(yīng)高度意識(shí)到市場(chǎng)的需求和充分利用信息技術(shù)和現(xiàn)代市場(chǎng)供給和需求的最新趨勢(shì)與時(shí)并進(jìn)，并更好地組織其營銷的銷售方法。</p><p>　　這些企業(yè)應(yīng)該更多的資金注入R&D程序、技術(shù)傳播和品牌營銷。規(guī)范化的管理應(yīng)應(yīng)用在生產(chǎn)、加工、包裝、運(yùn)輸、銷售、衛(wèi)生檢疫的農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品，以滿足國際質(zhì)量認(rèn)證的要求。</p>&l

18、t;p>　　此外，中國政府應(yīng)考慮設(shè)立特別學(xué)校對(duì)農(nóng)民的教育和培訓(xùn)，提高其素質(zhì)和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)和農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)的長(zhǎng)期增長(zhǎng)。</p><p>　　因此，工業(yè)化可以推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品的RCA關(guān)于該國的農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的戰(zhàn)略性調(diào)整和產(chǎn)業(yè)的國際市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。</p><p><b>　　外文原文</b></p><p>　　Revealed comparative ad

19、vantage and competitiveness of China’s agricultural products</p><p>　　Abstract: This paper deals with the competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products, base on the index of revealed comparative advantage

20、 (RCA) using lots of data for the period of 1980 to 2003. The index is useful in identifying the demarcation between comparative advantage and comparative disadvantage. The research indicates that some agro-products in C

21、hina such as edible vegetables and tea have a comparative advantage, but the RCA values have been declining over the 24-year period, which has </p><p>　　Keywords: agricultural product, export, revealed compa

22、rative advantage (RCA), competitiveness.</p><p>　　China’s exports of agricultural products have made significant contributions to increasing foreign exchange, job opportunities and rural income. In 2003 the

23、agricultural trade balance was US$2.5 billion, which accounted for 9.8 per cent of total foreign trade surplus. Cheng (2003) reported that 19.88 job opportunities can be created directly and indirectly by exports of agri

24、cultural products.</p><p>　　The relative competitiveness of China’s agricultural products can be analyzed by means of revealed comparative advantage (RCA) first proposed by Balassa (1965) at the global level

25、, which is useful to be aware of the competitive position of China’s agricultural products. </p><p>　　Formulation of revealed comparative advantage</p><p>　　There are some kinds of measurement

26、in determining the competitiveness of an industry, among which RCA index is an important one and the concept of RCA is grounded on conventional trade theory. The original RCA index, formulated by Balassa (1965), can be d

27、efined as:</p><p>　　RCA= (Xij /Xit) / (Xnj / Xnt)</p><p>　　Where x represents exports, i is a country, j is a commodity, Xij is exports by country i in commodity j. t is a set of commodities and

28、 n is a set of countries. Therefore, this equation analyses a country’s export share of world export of a commodity with the country’s total export share of world total exports. If country i’s share of world exports of c

29、ommodity j is greater that country i’s share of world exports of all goods, the RCA will be greater than 1, which suggests that a country has a “</p><p>　　RCA is based on observed trade patterns. An increasi

30、ng in the value of RCA means an increasing in a country’s competitiveness in a commodity. This kind of measurement is so easy that it is widely adopted. But in reality, observed trade patterns can be distorted by policie

31、s and interventions and therefore may misrepresent underlying comparative advantage. This is especially true of the agricultural sector, where government interference is commonplace, a point noted by Balassa (1965). The

32、extent t</p><p>　　As a measure of government support to agriculture, the OECD (1999) estimates total support equivalents (TSEs) by country and industry. It is natural to think that the higher the TSEs is, th

33、e more support the industry gets. It is evident that the level of support was highest in the UN, then in the USA, and lowest in China. As a commitment to the World Trade Organization, government intervention in all membe

34、r countries is expected to diminish. Nevertheless, agriculture is unlikely to be completely</p><p>　　The welfare gains result from agricultural trade liberalization, e.g. Tyers and Anderson (1988 and 1992) a

35、nd OECD (1995), which implies that agricultural policies must have an impact on trade flow (i.e. volume) and possibly on trade patterns (i.e. direction ). The free is superior to various degree of trade restriction. Voll

36、rath and Vo (1990) found export performance to be more affected by economic fundamentals than by government intervention, whereas the reverse applied to import behavior.</p><p>　　Vollrath (1989) noted that g

37、overnment intervention and competitiveness tend to be inversely related. This suggests that those product groups revealing a comparative advantage could become even more competitive if markets were to become more open. T

38、he RCA still provide a useful guide to underlying comparative and competitive advantage, although the index is not beyond doubt.</p><p>　　Revealed comparative advantage in main agricultural products of China

39、</p><p>　　The RCA index as defined above is computed for China’s agricultural products for export over the period 1980-2003, with those of the rest of the world as contrast. The data are supplied by National

40、 Bureau of Statistics (NBS) of China. The all samples cover 17 product categories and trade flows over the 24-year period. Annual RCA index is calculated at the four-digit level, but reported at the three-digit level.<

41、;/p><p>　　Table 1 The RCA indexes of main agro-products of China, 1980-2003.</p><p>　　Source: Authors’ calculations based on NBS’s data at four-digit level</p><p>　　The following two f

42、ields of RCA value can be defined: high for RCA＞2, low for 2＞RCA＞1. In addition, if the RCA value＜1, it denotes that a country has revealed comparative disadvantage (RCD) in a particular commodity. Thus, several observat

43、ions can be made from Table 1. </p><p>　　1. In 1980 China had the revealed comparative advantage for 7 of 17 product groups. They were tea, rice, pork products, pork, fruits, chicken and meat. For the others

44、 China had the revealed comparative disadvantage. In 2003 tea, rice, chicken and pork products maintained their competitive position. Moreover, vegetable products and mushroom gained competitiveness.</p><p>

45、　　2. Among all product groups with revealed comparative advantage, five of them ware high, two of them low in 1980; while in 2003 only two of them ware high.</p><p>　　3. Chicken, pork and tea had maintained

46、their competitiveness during the whole 24-year period.</p><p>　　4. Meat, pork and fruits were the product groups with a RCA in 1980 but a RCD in 2003. However, vegetable products and mushroom were the produc

47、t categories with a RCD in 1980 but with a RCA in 2003. These two categories were all processed products.</p><p>　　5. During the 24-year period, four agricultural product groups in China experienced an impro

48、vement: mushroom and vegetable products improved from “RCD” to “RCA”; the RCA value of cotton and cereals also had increased, although they were still in RCD position.</p><p>　　6. For most kinds of agricultu

49、ral products, China’s competitiveness had weakened. The RCA value of 12 of 17 product groups experienced a fall.</p><p>　　Conclusion and prospects</p><p>　　The above findings suggest that most o

50、f the agricultural products with revealed comparative advantage in China are labor-intensive products. The rise in vegetable products is encouraging partly because of China’s low cost labor in agriculture.</p><

51、;p>　　The decreasing level of comparative advantage index means that the competitiveness in China’s agricultural products is weakening which would have resulted from the following reasons. Externally, many economic int

52、egrated organizations have been established and merged the economies of their member states, thus forming a solid regional trading blockage. Internally, the quality of many agricultural products can’t come up to internat

53、ional standards; most agro enterprises are weak in technological inn</p><p>　　To strengthen China’s agricultural products competitiveness, further efforts should be made to push agricultural industrializatio

54、n forward by developing leading agricultural enterprises. The domestic major agricultural producers are individual farmer households. Agricultural enterprises are only in the initial stage of development.</p><

55、p>　　When farmers are organized by enterprises and /or co-operative organizations to carry out industrialized management on the basis of the household responsibility contract system, they will get more comprehensive se

56、rvices, and agricultural resources will be better allocated.</p><p>　　In the meantime, the enterprises should be highly conscious of market demands and make full use of information technology and modern sale

57、s methods to keep abreast with the latest supply and demand trends in the market and to better organize their marketing.</p><p>　　These enterprises should also pump more funds into R&D programs, technolo

58、gy spreading and brand marketing. Standardized management should be applied in producing, processing, packaging, transporting, selling and hygienic quarantining of agricultural products to meet the requirement of interna

59、tional quality certification.</p><p>　　In addition, the government of China should consider establishing special schools for farmers’ education and training to raise their qualities and competitiveness, boos

60、ting the long-term growth of agriculture and rural economy.</p><p>　　Accordingly, industrialization can advance the strategic adjustment of the country’s agricultural structure with reference to the RCA of a