計(jì)算機(jī)基本理論外文翻譯

1、<p>　　Basic Theory of Computer</p><p>　　A computer is a tool for manipulating and storing information. Generally speaking, a computer is an electronic device that can accept input, process it according

2、to a set of instructions, store the instructions and the results of processing, and produce results as its outputs. A computer system consists of hardware system and software system. The hardware system is usually divide

3、d into three major parts or primary subsystems: the CPU, the memory subsystem, and the I\O subsystem. The CPU performs</p><p>　　The basic components that make up a computer system include: the CPU， memory, I

4、\O, and the bus that connects these components together.</p><p>　　John Von Neuman, a pioneer in computer design, gave the architecture of most computers in use today. A typical John Von Neuman system has thr

5、ee major parts: the central processing unit( or CPU )，memory, and input output (or I\O). How a system designs these parts impacts the system performance. In VNA machines, like the 80×86 family, the CPU is where all

6、the actions take place. All computations occur inside the CPU. To the CPU, most I\O devices look like memory because the CPU can store data to a</p><p>　　The system bus connects various components of a VNA m

7、achine. The 80×86 family has three major buses: the address bus, the data bus, and the control bus. A bus is a connection of wires on which electrical signals pass through components in the system. For example, the

8、data bus may have a different implementation between the 80386 and the 8086, but both carry data among the processor, I\O, and memory. The 80×86 processor uses the data bus to transfer data among the various compone

9、nts in a computer</p><p>　　The data bus on an 80×86 family processor transfers information between a particular memory location or I\O device and the CPU. The only question is, “which memory location or

10、 I\O device?” The address bus answers this question.</p><p>　　To differentiate memory location and I\O device, a unique memory address is assigned to each memory element or each I\O device. When the software

11、 wants to access certain memory location or I\O device, it places the corresponding address on the address bus. Circuit associated with the memory or I\O recognizes this address and instructs the memory or I\O device to

12、read the data from or place data on the data bus.</p><p>　　The control bus is collection of signals that controls how the processor communicates with the rest of the system. Consider the data bus for a momen

13、t. The CPU sends data to memory and receives data from memory on the data bus. This prompts the question, “Is it sending or receiving?” There are two lines on the control bus, read line and write lines, status lines, and

14、 so on. The exact structure of the control bus varies among processors in the 80×86 family. However some control lines are common to</p><p>　　The read line and the write line control the direction of da

15、ta on the data bus. When both contain logic 1, the CPU, memory, and I\O do not communicate with one another. If the read line is low, the CPU reads data form memory. If the write line is low, the system transfers data fr

16、om the CPU to memory.</p><p>　　The main memory is the central storage unit in a computer system. It is a relatively large and fast memory used to store programs and data during the computer operation. The pr

17、incipal technology used for the main memory is based on the semiconductor integrated circuit. Integrated circuit RAM chip is available in two possible operation modes, static and dynamic.</p><p>　　The static

18、 RAM consists essentially of internal flip –flops that store the binary information. The stored information remains valid as long as power is applied to the unit. The dynamic RAM stores the binary information in the form

19、 of electric charge that is applied to the capacitor. The capacitor is provided inside the chip by MOS transistor. The stored charge on the capacitor tends to discharge with the time and refreshing the dynamic memory can

20、 periodically recharge the capacitor. The dynamic </p><p>　　Automation</p><p>　　Automation, roboticization, or industrial automation or numerical control is the use of control systems such as co

21、mputers to control industrial machinery and processes, reducing the need for human intervention. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human operator

22、s with machinery to assist them with the physical requirements of work, automation greatly reduces the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. It is a</p><p>　　Automation plays an increasingl

23、y important role in the global economy and in daily experience. Engineers strive to combine automated devices with mathematical and organizational tools to create complex systems for a rapidly expanding range of applicat

24、ions and human activities.</p><p>　　Many roles for humans in industrial processes presently lie beyond the scope of automation, Human-level pattern recognition language recognition, and language production a

25、bility are well beyond the capabilities of modern mechanical and computer systems. Tasks requiring subjective assessment or synthesis of complex sensory data, such as scents and sounds, as well as high-level tasks such a

26、s strategic planning, currently require human expertise. In many cases, the use of humans is more cost-effect</p><p>　　Specialized hardened computers, referred to as programmable logic controllers, are frequ

27、ently used to synchronize the flow of inputs from (physical) sensors and events with the flow of outputs to actuators and events. This leads to precisely controlled actions that permit a tight control of almost any indus

28、trial process.</p><p>　　Human-machine interfaces (HMI) or computer human interfaces (CHI), formerly known as man-machine interfaces, are usually employed to communicate with PLCs and other computers, such as

29、 entering and monitoring temperatures or pressures for further automated control or emergency response. Service personnel who monitor and control these interfaces are often referred to as stationary engineers.</p>

30、<p>　　Currently, for manufacturing companies, the purpose of automation has shifted from increasing productivity and reducing costs, to broader issues, such as increasing quality and flexibility in the manufacturin

31、g process.</p><p>　　The old focus on using automation simply to increase productivity and reduce costs was seen to be short-sighted, because it is also necessary to provide a skilled workforce who can make r

32、epairs and manage the machinery. Moreover, the initial costs of automation were high and often could not be recovered by the time entirely new manufacturing processes replaced the old. (Japan's "robot junkyards&

33、quot; were once world famous in the manufacturing industry.) Automation is now often applied primarily to i</p><p>　　Another major shift in automation is the increased emphasis on flexibility and convertibil

34、ity in the manufacturing process. Manufacturers are increasingly demanding the ability to easily switch from manufacturing Product A to manufacturing Product B without having to completely rebuild the production lines. F

35、lexibility and distributed processes have led to the introduction of Automated Guided Vehicles with Natural Features Navigation.</p><p>　　The widespread impact of industrial automation raises social issues,

36、among them its impact on employment. Historical concerns about the effects of automation date back to the beginning of the industrial revolution, when a social movement of English textile machine operators in the early 1

37、800s known as the Luddites protested against Jacquard's automated weaving looms—often by destroying such textile machines—that they felt threatened their jobs. One author made the following case. When automation</

38、p><p>　　Critics of automation contend that increased industrial automation causes increased unemployment; this was a pressing concern during the 1980s.One argument claims that this has happened invisibly in rec

39、ent years, as the fact that many manufacturing jobs left the United Stated during the early 1990s was offset by a one-time massive increase in IT jobs at the same time. Some authors argue that the opposite has often been

40、 true, and that automation has led to higher employment. Under this point of v</p><p>　　At first glance, automation might appear to devalue labor through its replacement with less-expensive machines; however

41、, the overall effect of this on the workforce as a whole remains unclear. Today automation of the workforce is quite advanced, and continues to advance increasingly more rapidly throughout the world and is encroaching on

42、 ever more skilled jobs, yet during the same period the general well-being and quality of life of most people in the world (where political factors have not mudd</p><p>　　PLC technique discussion and future

43、development</p><p>　　Along with the development of the ages, the technique that is nowadays is also gradually perfect, the competition plays more strong; the operation that list depends the artificial has al

44、ready can't satisfied with the current manufacturing industry foreground, also can't guarantee the request of the higher quantity and high new the image of the technique business enterprise.</p><p>　

45、　We come in sight of the control that links after the electric appliances in various situation, that is already the that time generation past, now of after use in the mold a perhaps simple equipments of grass-roots contr

46、ol that the electric appliances can do for the low level only; And the PLC emergence also became the epoch-making topic, adding the vivid software control through a very and stable hardware, making the automation head fo

47、r the new high tide.</p><p>　　The PLC biggest characteristics lie in: The electrical engineering teacher already no longer electric hardware up too many calculationses of cost, as long as order the importati

48、on that the button switch or the importation of the sensors order to link the PLC up can solve problem, pass to output to order the conjunction contact machine or control the start equipments of the big power after the e

49、lectric appliances, but the exportation equipments direct conjunction of the small power can.</p><p>　　PLC internal containment have the CPU of the CPU, and take to have an I/ O for expand of exterior to con

50、nect a people's address and saving machine three big pieces to constitute, CPU core is from an or many is tired to add the machine to constitute, mathematics that they have the logic operation ability, and can read t

51、he procedure save the contents of the machine to drive the homologous saving machine and I/ Os to connect after pass the calculation; The I/ O add inner part is tired the input and</p><p>　　The PLC anti- int

52、erference is very and excellent, our root need not concern its service life and the work situation bad, these all problems have already no longer become the topic that we fail, but stay to our is a concern to come to int

53、ernal resources of make use of the PLC to strengthen the control ability of the equipments for us, make our equipments more gentle.</p><p>　　PLC language is not we imagine of edit collected materials the lan

54、guage or language of Cs to carry on weaving the distance, but the trapezoid diagram that the adoption is original after the electric appliances to control, make the electrical engineering teacher while weaving to write t

55、he procedure very easy comprehended the PLC language, and a lot of non- electricity professional also very quickly know and go deep into to the PLC.</p><p>　　Is PLC one of the advantage above and only, this

56、is also one part that the people comprehend more and easily, in a lot of equipments, the people have already no longer hoped to see too many control buttons, they damage not only and easily and produce the artificial err

57、or easiest, small is not a main error perhaps you can still accept; But lead even is a fatal error greatly is what we can't is tolerant of. New technique always for bringing more safe and convenient operation for us,

58、 make we a lot </p><p>　　HMI the control not only is reduced the control press button, increase the vivid of the control, more main of it is can sequence of, and at can the change data input to output the fe

59、edback with data, control in the temperature curve of imitate but also can keep the manifestation of view to come out. And can write the function help procedure through a plait to provide the help of various what lies in

60、 one's power, the one who make operate reduces the otiose error. Currently the HMI factory is also</p><p>　　The PLC correspondence has already come more body now its value, at the PLC and correspondence

61、between PLCs, can pass the communication of the information and the share of the datas to guarantee that of the equipments moderates mutually, the result that arrive already to repair with each other. Data conversion the

62、 adoption RS232 between PLC connect to come to the transmission data, but the RS232 pick up a people and can guarantee 10 meters only of deliver the distance, if in the distance of 1000</p><p>　　The form tha

63、t information transport contain single work, the half a work and the difference of a works .The meaning of the single work also is to say both, a can send out only, but a can receive only, for example a spy he can receiv

64、e the designation of the superior only, but can't give the superior reply; A work of half is also 2 and can send out similar to accept the data, but can't send out and accept at the same time, for example when yo

65、u make a phone call is to can't answer the phone, the ot</p><p>　　The process that information transport also has synchronous and different step cent: The data line and the clock lines are synchronous wh

66、en synchronous meaning lie in sending out the data, is also the data signal and the clock signals to be carry on by the CPU to send out at the same time, this needs to all want the specialized clock signal each other to

67、carry on the transmission and connect to send, and is constrained, the characteristics of this kind of method lies in its speed very quick, but</p><p>　　And the different step is an application the most exte

68、nsive, this receive benefit in it of technique difficulty is opposite and want to be small, at the same time not need to prepare the specialized clock signal, its characteristics to lie in, its data is partition, the lon

69、g-lost send out and accept, be the CPU is too busy of time can grind to a stop sex to work, also reduced the difficulty on the hardware, the data throw to lose at the same time opposite want to be little, we can pass the

70、 exami</p><p>　　A line of transmission of the information contain a string of and combine the cent of: The usual PLC is 8 machines, certainly also having 16 machines. We can be an at the time of sending out

71、the data a send out to the other party, also can be 88 send out the data to the other party, an and 8 differentiations are also the as that we say to send out the data and combine sends out the data. A speed is more and

72、slowly, but as long as 2 or three lines can solve problem, and can use the telephone line</p><p>　　Under a lot of circumstances we are total to like to adopt the string to combine the conversion chip to carr

73、y on deliver, under this kind of circumstance not need us to carry on to depositted the machine to establish too and complicatedly, but carry on the data exchanges through the data transmission instruction directly, but

74、is not a very viable way in the correspondence, because the PLC of the other party must has been wait for your data exportation at the time of sending out the data, it can'</p><p>　　When you are reading

75、the book, you hear someone knock on door, you stop to start up of affair, open the door and combine to continue with the one who knock on door a dialogue, the telephone of this time rang, you signal hint to connect a tel

76、ephone, after connecting the telephone through, return overdo come together knock on door to have a conversation, after dialogue complete, you continue again to see your book, this kind of circumstance we are called the

77、interruption to it, it has the authorit</p><p>　　The interruption is not only a, sometimes existing jointly with the hour several inside break, break off to have the preferred Class, they will carry out the

78、interruption of the higher Class according to person's request. This kind of breaks off the medium interruption to also became to break off the set. The Class that certainly break off is relevant according to various

79、 resources of CPU with internal PLC, also following a heap of capacity size of also relevant fasten.</p><p>　　The contents that break off has a lot of kinds, for example the exterior break off, correspondenc

80、e in of send out and accept the interruption and settle and the clock that count break off, still have the WDT to reset the interruption etc., they enriched the CPU to respond to the category while handle various busines

81、s. Speak thus perhaps you can't comprehend the internal structure and operation orders of the interruption completely also, we do a very small example to explain.</p><p>　　Each equipments always will not

82、 forget a button, it also is at we meet the urgent circumstance use of, that is nasty to stop the button. When we meet the Human body trouble and surprised circumstances we as long as press it, the machine stops all oper

83、ations immediately, and wait for processing the over surprised empress recover the operation again.Nasty stop the internal I/ O of the internal CPU of the button conjunction PLC to connect up, be to press button an exter

84、ior to trigger signal for CPU</p><p>　　When we are work a work piece, giving the PLC a signal, counting PLC inner part the machine add 1 to compute us for a day of workload, a count the machine and can solve

85、 problem in brief, certainly they also can keep the data under the condition of dropping the electricity, urging the data not to throw to lose, this is also what we hope earnestly.</p><p>　　The PLC still has

86、 the function that the high class counts the machine, being us while accept some datas of high speed, the high speed that here say is the data of the in all aspects tiny second class, for example the bar code scanner is

87、scanning the data continuously, calculating high-speed signal of the data processor DSP etc., we will adopt the high class to count the machine to help we carry on count. It at the PLC carries out the procedure once disc

88、over that the high class counts the machine</p><p>　　The PLC development has already entered for network ages of correspondence from the mode of the one, and together other works control the net plank and I/

89、 O card planks to carry on the share easily. A state software can pass all se hardwares link, more animation picture of keep the view to carries on the control, and cans pass the Internet to carry on the control in the f

90、oreign land, the blast-off that is like the absolute being boat No.5 is to adopt this kind of way to make airship go up the sk</p><p>　　The development of the higher layer needs our continuous effort to obta

91、in.The PLC emergence has already affected a few persons fully, we also obtained more knowledge and precepts from the top one experience of the generation, coming to the continuous development PLC technique, push it tow

92、ard higher wave tide.</p><p><b>　　中文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　計(jì)算機(jī)基本理論</b></p><p>　　計(jì)算機(jī)是一種用來(lái)操作和儲(chǔ)存信息的工具。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，計(jì)算機(jī)是一種電子設(shè)備，可以根據(jù)一系列的指令來(lái)接收和處理并存儲(chǔ)處理后的結(jié)果，然后將結(jié)果輸出。計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)包括硬件和軟件

93、系統(tǒng)。硬件系統(tǒng)通常有三個(gè)主要部分組成：中央處理器，存儲(chǔ)器和出入輸出設(shè)備。中央處理器處理各種事務(wù)并控制計(jì)算機(jī)。存儲(chǔ)器是用來(lái)存儲(chǔ)中央處理器執(zhí)行的各種程序和數(shù)據(jù)。輸入輸出系統(tǒng)是中央處理器與其通過(guò)諸如鍵盤和鼠標(biāo)相連接。本單元將要介紹計(jì)算機(jī)的基本組成系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的基本部件包括中央處理器、存儲(chǔ)器、輸入輸出設(shè)備以及連接這些組件的數(shù)據(jù)總線。</p><p>　　馮·諾依

94、曼是計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的先驅(qū)，他提出的計(jì)算機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)沿用至今。一個(gè)典型的馮·諾依曼計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)主要包括3個(gè)部分：中央處理器、存儲(chǔ)器和輸入輸出設(shè)備，如何設(shè)計(jì)這三個(gè)部分會(huì)影響到系統(tǒng)的性能。在馮·諾依曼計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)體系中，如80×86系列，所有事務(wù)都在中央處理器執(zhí)行，所有的運(yùn)算都在中央處理器運(yùn)行。數(shù)據(jù)和CPU指令存儲(chǔ)在存儲(chǔ)器里，直到中央處理器需要時(shí)才被讀取出來(lái)。對(duì)CPU而言，大部分輸入輸出設(shè)備可看作存儲(chǔ)器，因?yàn)镃PU可以把數(shù)據(jù)存

95、儲(chǔ)在輸出設(shè)備中，也可以從輸入設(shè)備中讀取數(shù)據(jù)。存儲(chǔ)器和輸入輸出設(shè)備的主要區(qū)別在于：輸入輸出設(shè)備一般與計(jì)算機(jī)外的設(shè)備相連。</p><p>　　馮·諾依曼計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)中系統(tǒng)總線連接著各個(gè)組件。80×86系列有三大總線，地址總線，數(shù)據(jù)總線和控制總線。電信號(hào)通過(guò)總線傳輸?shù)较到y(tǒng)的各個(gè)組成部分。例如，80386和8086 的數(shù)據(jù)總線雖然執(zhí)行方式不同，但他們都在處理器、輸入輸出和存儲(chǔ)器間傳輸數(shù)據(jù)。80

96、5;86處理器通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)總線在計(jì)算機(jī)各部件間傳遞數(shù)據(jù)。80×86系列中總線的大小大相徑庭，事實(shí)上，總線大小決定了處理器的容量。</p><p>　　80×86系列中，數(shù)據(jù)總線在某一特定的存儲(chǔ)單元或輸入輸出設(shè)備及CPU之間傳遞信息。問(wèn)題是：“究竟哪個(gè)是特定的存儲(chǔ)單元或輸入輸出設(shè)備？”地址總線回答了這個(gè)問(wèn)題。</p><p>　　為了辨別存儲(chǔ)單元和輸入輸出設(shè)備，每個(gè)存儲(chǔ)單元和

97、輸入輸出設(shè)備被分配了一個(gè)獨(dú)特的內(nèi)存地址。當(dāng)軟件需要訪問(wèn)存儲(chǔ)單元或輸入輸出設(shè)備時(shí)，它把相應(yīng)的地址傳送到地址總線上，與存儲(chǔ)器或輸入輸出相連的電路能夠識(shí)別地址，并命令存儲(chǔ)器或輸入輸出設(shè)備從數(shù)據(jù)總線讀取數(shù)據(jù)或把數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)到數(shù)據(jù)總線。</p><p>　　控制總線是控制處理器與系統(tǒng)其他部件如何通信的信號(hào)樞紐?？紤]數(shù)據(jù)總線，CPU通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)總線向存儲(chǔ)器發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)或從存儲(chǔ)器接收數(shù)據(jù)，這就產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)疑問(wèn)：“它是在發(fā)送還是在接受呢？”控