醫(yī)學英語-pharmacology-藥理學

1、Pharmacology,Zhanqin HuangDept. of Pharmacologyzqhuang@stu.edu.cn,What is pharmacology?,The word pharmacology derives from the Greek word for drug, pharmakon.,Pharmacology is the medical science that studies the nature

2、 and the properties of drugs, as well as the interactions between drugs and the body,,,Effect, Mechanism,Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination,DrugA drug is a chemical substance that can modulate the current

3、 physiological status of a biological system. is defined as a chemical which is utilized for the diagnosis, prevention and cure of an unwanted health condition (definition by FDA),Basic knowledge of drug,DRUG NOMENCLATU

4、RE DRUG PREPARATIONS DRUG ADMINISTRATION,Drug nomenclature,Chemical nameGeneric nameBrand nameBrand name sometimes is more popular than generic name,1-[[3-(6,7-dihydro-1-methyl-7-oxo-3-propyl-1H-pyrazolo [4,3-d] p

5、yrimidin-5-yl)-4-ethoxyphenyl]sulfonyl]-4-methyl piperazine / Sildenafil / Viagra (1-[[3-(6,7-二氫-1-甲基-7-氧-3-丙基-1H-吡唑并-[4,3-d]嘧啶-5-基)-4-乙氧苯基]璜酰基]-4-甲基哌嗪),Acetylsalicylic acid / aspirin / Bayer,Preparations,suspension,ta

6、blet,capsule,ointment,solution,aerosol,Drug administration,OralInhalational Topical,instillation,suppository,Parenteral administration,intradermal injection,subcutaneous injection,intravenous injection,Intramuscular i

7、njection,,The effects of drugs,Therapeutic action of drugs,Excitation : Diuretics ( Furosemide)Inhibition : ACEI (Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, Catopril ),Etiological treatment ant

8、ibiotics Symptomatic treatment antihypertensive drugs,The effects of drugs,,Adverse drug reaction : is the undesirable effect of drug associated with the use of given medications. Side effect: is an effect

9、secondary to the one intended with normal dose. Atropin : gastrointestinal relaxaion / pupil dilation stomachache/fundus examination, optometry,,,Dry mouth,salivary secretion?,pupil dilation,,Inh

10、ibition of sphincter pupilla,,,Heart rate,Relieve the cardiac inhibition by vagus nerve,,,spasmolysis,gastrointestinal relaxation,,,Acute toxication damage on CNS, CVS, and RS. Chronic toxication : hepa

11、totoxicity , nephrotoxicity; bone marrow; endocrine sys.Special toxications: Carcinogenesis Teratogenesis /thalidomide Mutagenesis,phocomelus,Toxic effect,allergic reaction/ hypersensitive reaction:Definitio

12、n: A state of a person who is prone to respond abnormally to a particular antigen, which may cause a variety of tissue reactions. e.g : penicillin/allergic shock,Definition: an abnormal and unexpected sensitivity exhib

13、ited by an individual to a particular drug or food.result from genetic polymorphisms that cause individual differences in drug pharmacokinetics e.g, an increased incidence of peripheral neuropathy is seen in patients w

14、ith inherited deficiencies in acetylation when isoniazid is used to treat tuberculosis.,Idiosyncracy (idiosyncratic reaction),Definition: a residual biological effect of drug after withdrawal. e.g. barbiturate/sedativ

15、e causes hangover, which indicate dizziness next morning.,After effect / residual effect,Definition: sudden withdrawal of drug worsen the original disease after long time treatmente.g. Clonidine,withdrawal reaction/ re

16、bound reaction,DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS,over-the-counter drugs (OTC) , is available without special restriction prescription only medicine (POM) , is only obtained with a prescription of a physician.,Drug group,Central ner

17、vous system drugsCardiovascular drugsRespiratory drugsGastrointestinal drugsAntimicrobial drugs,Central nervous system drugs:,stimulants: increase activity of the CNSdepressants：analgesics：reduce/eliminate the sen

18、sation of painhypnotics：cause drowsiness tranquilizer：cause a calming effectanesthetics: cause loss of body sensation,Respiratory drugs,Antitussives: suppress the coughing reflexAntispasmodic drug: cause bronchodil

19、ationExpectorants: reduce viscosity of mucus,Cardiovascular drugs,Cardiac glycosides: increase cardiac contractilityAntiarrhythmic drug: restore normal rhythmVasoactive drugs: vasoconstrictor/ vasodilator,Gastrointe

20、stinal drugs,Antiacids : neutralize the acidic environment Laxative: stimulate the bowel evacuationAntidiarrheal agents: stop/control diarrheal,Antibiotics-antimicrobial agents,Inhibition of cell wall synthesis: penici

21、llins,cephalosporinsInhibition of function of cellular membrane: amphotericin B, polymyxinInhibition of nucleic acid synthesis: sulfonamides, rifampinInhibition of protein synthesis: erythromycins, tetracyclines, amin

22、oglycosides,adrenergic agent 腎上腺素能藥adrenergic receptor 腎上腺素能受體adrenergic agonist 腎上腺素促效劑sympathomimetic 類交感(神經)的noradrenaline (norepinephrine) 去甲腎上腺素adrenaline (epinephrine) 腎上腺素isoprenaline 異丙腎上腺素antiadrenergic a

23、gent 抗腎上腺素劑adrenergic 腎上腺素(能)的antagonist 拮抗劑sympatholytic drug 交感神經阻滯藥cholinergic agent 膽堿能藥,,cholinergic agonist 膽堿能激動劑parasympathomimetic 類副交感(神經)的acetylcholine receptor agonist 乙酰膽堿受體激動劑acetylcholine (Ach) 乙酰膽堿

24、pilocarpine 匹魯卡品acetylcholinesterase 乙酰膽堿酯酶neostigmine 新斯的明anticholinergic agent 抗膽堿藥atropine 阿托品cholinergic receptor antagonist膽堿受體拮抗劑parasympatholytic drug 副交感神經阻滯藥anesthetic 麻醉劑general anesthetics 全麻藥物barbit

25、urate 巴比妥酸鹽Local anesthetics 局麻藥物,procaine 普魯卡因analgesics 鎮(zhèn)痛藥antipyretic 退燒藥Stimulants 興奮劑amphetamine 安非他命（苯丙胺）Hypnotics 安眠藥insomnia 失眠anticonvulsant 抗痙攣劑epileptic seizure癲癇發(fā)作antidepressant 抗抑郁藥 depression 抑郁癥

26、,,cardiac glycoside 強心苷digitalis毛地黃digitoxin洋地黃毒苷digoxin 地高辛arrhythmia 心律失常antiarrhymic drugs 抗心律失常藥propranolol 普洛奈爾vasoconstrictors 血管收縮劑vasodilators 血管擴張劑glyceryl trinitrate 三硝酸甘油antihypertensives 抗高血壓藥verap

27、amil維拉帕米angiotensin-converting enzyme（ACE） 血管緊張素轉換酶,,diuretic 利尿劑extracellular fluid 細胞外液furosemide 速尿thiazides噻嗪類anticoagulants 抗凝血藥heparin 肝素thrombi 血栓癥emboli 栓塞antitussives 鎮(zhèn)咳藥bronchodilator 支氣管擴張藥/器Salbuta

28、mol沙丁胺醇asthma 哮喘expectorant 祛痰藥mucolytic agent 化痰藥,,antihistamine 抗組胺藥 chlorpheniramine 撲爾敏antacids 抗酸劑aluminum hydroxide 氫氧化鋁cimetidine西咪替丁sucralfate硫糖鋁lactosin 乳桿菌素antiemetic 止吐藥laxatives constipation 通便藥di

29、arrhea 腹瀉,,methlthiouracil (MTU) 甲硫氧嘧啶 tapazole 他巴唑 insulin 胰島素hypoglycemic agents 降血糖劑diabetes mellitus 糖尿病oral hypolycemic agents 口服降糖藥adrenocorticoids 腎上腺素類固醇，腎上腺皮質激素glucocorticoids (GC) 糖皮質激素mineralocorticoi