第七章人類活動(dòng)與地球環(huán)境

1、第七章人類活動(dòng)與地球環(huán)境Chapter 7 Human activities and environment on the Earth,,人類生存的環(huán)境Environment for human existence人口的增長(zhǎng)和人口問(wèn)題Population growth and population problem 環(huán)境保護(hù)和人類發(fā)展 Environmental protection

2、and human development,,重點(diǎn)：Key points: 1、 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)Structure of the ecosystem 2、 保持生態(tài)平衡Keep the balance of ecosystem,教學(xué)難點(diǎn)：Difficult points for teaching: 1、環(huán)境及其作用Environment and its function 2、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的能量流動(dòng)和物質(zhì)循環(huán)Energy flow

3、and material circulation of ecosystem,第一節(jié)知識(shí)點(diǎn)分析 Analysis of knowledge points,1、什么是環(huán)境 What is environment,無(wú)機(jī)環(huán)境與生物的關(guān)系：Relationship between inorganic environment and creature 環(huán)境對(duì)生物的作用 Effect of environment on creature生

4、物對(duì)環(huán)境的影響 Influence of creature on environment生物對(duì)環(huán)境的適應(yīng) Adaptation of creature to the environment,環(huán)境及其作用Environment and its function,,,,,環(huán)境對(duì)生物的作用 Effect of environment on creature,,,整體作用：whole effect 生物的生存受該地區(qū)的溫度、

5、水分、地形等各種因素綜合作用的影響環(huán)境因素：Environmental factors 整體作用中的個(gè)別因素（1）光Light（2）溫度Temperature （3）水Water （4）空氣Air （5）土壤Soil,生物對(duì)環(huán)境的影響 Influence of creatures on the environment,生物改變大氣成分：Creature changes the composition of a

6、tmosphere光合作用、固氮作用生物影響了水循環(huán)：Creature influences water circle 森林的作用生物參與巖石和土壤的形成Creature participates in the formation of rock and soil,生物對(duì)環(huán)境的適應(yīng)Adaptation of creature to the environment,形態(tài)適應(yīng)(Morphological adaptation )：

7、保護(hù)色、擬態(tài)生理適應(yīng)(Physiological adaptation )：仙人掌、駱駝行為的適應(yīng)(Behavior adaptation )：生物鐘、遷徙,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu) Structure of the ecosystem,,物質(zhì)循環(huán)Material circle,能量流動(dòng)Energy flow,,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)Ecosystem,生物creature,非生物Non- creature,綠色植物光合細(xì)菌等其他自養(yǎng)生物初級(jí)消

8、費(fèi)者：植食動(dòng)物次級(jí)消費(fèi)者：肉食動(dòng)物三級(jí)消費(fèi)者：中型肉食動(dòng)物四級(jí)消費(fèi)者：大型肉食動(dòng)物微生物、小型動(dòng)物,,,生產(chǎn)者Producer 消費(fèi)者Consumer 分解者：Disintegrator 溫度、光土壤,水、二氧化碳、氧有機(jī)物等,,,生物成分（生物群落）Components of creatures (biomes) 非生物成分（自然環(huán)境）Component of non-creature (natur

9、al environment),,生態(tài)系統(tǒng),,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的能量流動(dòng)和物質(zhì)循環(huán)Energy flow and material circulation of ecosystem,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的主要功能： 在生態(tài)系統(tǒng)各成分之間不斷(The main function of ecosystem) 進(jìn)行能量流動(dòng)和物質(zhì)循環(huán),主要渠道：通過(guò)營(yíng)養(yǎng)關(guān)系，以食物鏈的形式相互聯(lián)系 (Main channel)在一起,食物鏈：在一個(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中，以植物

10、為起點(diǎn)，各種生物 (Food chain )有機(jī)體通過(guò)食物的關(guān)系彼此關(guān)聯(lián)而形成的一 個(gè)能量與物質(zhì)的流通系統(tǒng)，稱為食物鏈。 如植物--昆蟲--青蛙--蛇--鷹,能量流動(dòng)：Energy flow,太陽(yáng)The sun,生產(chǎn)者Producer,初級(jí)消費(fèi)者Primary consumer,次級(jí)消費(fèi)者Secondary consumer,第三級(jí)消費(fèi)者Third order consumer,熱hot,分解者

11、Disintegrator,散發(fā)到空氣中Emitted to the air,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,物質(zhì)循環(huán)：Material circle,土地、空氣、海洋等Land, air, ocean , and etc,,,,,,,,,,能量流動(dòng)和物質(zhì)循環(huán)是同時(shí)進(jìn)行的，兩者相互依存不可分割。物質(zhì)是能量的載體，使能量沿著食物鏈而逐步轉(zhuǎn)移，成為能流；另一方面，能量是物質(zhì)循環(huán)的動(dòng)力，使物質(zhì)從自然環(huán)境進(jìn)入生物界而形成循環(huán)過(guò)程。,生產(chǎn)者P

12、roducer,初級(jí)消費(fèi)者Primary consumer,次級(jí)消費(fèi)者Secondary consumer,第三級(jí)消費(fèi)者Third order consumer,分解者Disintegrator,保持生態(tài)平衡 Keep ecological balance,1、生態(tài)平衡概念 Concept of ecological balance 是指自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中生物與環(huán)境之間、生物與生物之間相互作用而建立的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡聯(lián)系,輸

13、入Input,輸出Output,===,2、涵義,生態(tài)平衡是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是一種動(dòng)態(tài)平衡Ecological balance is a kind of homeostasis. 能夠通過(guò)自我調(diào)節(jié)恢復(fù)穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)It can resume the steady state by self-regulation. 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的自我調(diào)節(jié)能力是有限度的The self-regulation ability of the e

14、cological system is of limit,3、生態(tài)失衡的后果The self-regulation ability of the ecological system is of limit生態(tài)失調(diào)、環(huán)境破壞、威脅人類的生存Ecological maladjustment, environmental destruction, threatening the existence of human beings,第二

15、節(jié)知識(shí)點(diǎn)分析,,我國(guó)人口的狀況和分布The status and distribution of the population in our country 人口問(wèn)題 Population problem 人口分布 Distribution of population,人口的分布 Distribution of population,1、特點(diǎn)：Characteristics,東南地區(qū)（稠密）和西北地區(qū)（稀少）Sout

16、heast (dense) and northwest (rare) 沿海地區(qū)人口稠密，內(nèi)陸地區(qū)人口稀少Foreland is densely populated, and inland is rarely populated. 各省、區(qū)間人口分布很不平衡，人口密度相差懸殊Population is very unbalancedly,2、我國(guó)人口狀況的特征：Characteristics of population

17、status in our country,增長(zhǎng)速度快：建國(guó)以來(lái)增長(zhǎng)速度超過(guò)歷史任何時(shí)期Increase speed is high: The increase speed since the foundation of the People's Republic of China is higher than any period in the history. 人口基數(shù)大：13億Population base i

18、s large:1, 300,000,000 年齡構(gòu)成較輕，但人口老齡化在加速Age composition is relatively young, but population aging is accelerating.,3、影響人口分布的因素Factors that influence the population distribution,自然條件和地理環(huán)境的影響The influence of natural

19、condition and geographic environment如氣候條件、海拔高度、能源資源等,社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件--決定性的因素Social economic condition--decisive factor從農(nóng)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)向制造業(yè)和服務(wù)業(yè)農(nóng)村流動(dòng)到城市從而使人口趨向集中,人口問(wèn)題 Population problem,人口爆炸----主要標(biāo)志Population explosion---- main sign,人口

20、翻番的間隔越來(lái)越短Time interval for doubling the population number is becoming shorter and shorter. 世界人口增長(zhǎng)率失控 The world population growth rate is beyond control. 人口超過(guò)5000萬(wàn)的大國(guó)激增The number of big country with population is

21、 larger than 50,000,000 is dramatically increasing.,1、產(chǎn)生原因Causes,2、人口問(wèn)題的影響The effect of population problem,對(duì)資源、環(huán)境的壓力加劇The pressure on resources and environment is becoming fierce. 經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展緩慢，就業(yè)壓力嚴(yán)重 The economic developm

22、ent is slow, stress of employment is serious. 城市人口膨脹，城鄉(xiāng)矛盾激化 The population is expanding, and the conflict between the country and city is intensified 人口老齡化問(wèn)題突出The problem of population aging is prominent.,3、人口問(wèn)題的

23、對(duì)策：Solution for population problem,提高社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力，增大養(yǎng)育人口的能力；Increase the social productivity and improve the ability to bringing up the population. 控制人口增長(zhǎng)速度，逐步穩(wěn)定人口 Control population growth speed, gradually stabilize popul

24、ation,兩方面相互促進(jìn)，相互制約They are mutually promote and restrict,兩個(gè)途徑：Two ways,第三節(jié)知識(shí)點(diǎn)分析,發(fā)展與環(huán)境Development and environment,1、環(huán)境污染與環(huán)境保護(hù)Environmental pollution and environmental protection,是伴隨工作化進(jìn)程而出現(xiàn)的不良現(xiàn)象，”三廢”,大氣污染與防治Air pollut

25、ion and its prevention 水污染與水環(huán)境保護(hù)Water pollution and water environmental protection 土壤污染與防治Soil pollution and its prevention 噪聲污染與防治Noise pollution and its prevention,2、傳統(tǒng)發(fā)展觀Traditional development concept,以工業(yè)增

26、長(zhǎng)作為衡量發(fā)展的唯一標(biāo)志，把一個(gè)國(guó)家的工業(yè)化和由此產(chǎn)生的工業(yè)文明當(dāng)作現(xiàn)代化實(shí)現(xiàn)的標(biāo)志。 Regards industrial growth as the only sign for measuring the development, regard industrialization and the resulted industrial civilization in one country as the sign

27、for the realization of modernization.,二、可持續(xù)發(fā)展觀Sustainable development concept,1987年，聯(lián)合國(guó)世界環(huán)境與發(fā)展委員會(huì)的長(zhǎng)篇報(bào)告《我們共同的未來(lái)》首次提出了可持續(xù)發(fā)展的定義：“既滿足當(dāng)代人的需求又不危及后代人的滿足其需求的能力的發(fā)展?！?1994年，中國(guó)政府批準(zhǔn)發(fā)布了《中國(guó)21世紀(jì)議程》。包括：可持續(xù)經(jīng)濟(jì)、可持續(xù)生態(tài)和可持續(xù)社會(huì)三方面，經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)是基礎(chǔ)，生態(tài)

28、可持續(xù)是條件，社會(huì)可持續(xù)是目的，追求的是三方面的協(xié)調(diào)統(tǒng)一。Includes: the three aspects of sustainable economy, sustainable ecology and sustainable society。,核心思想：Core idea:,健康的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展應(yīng)建立在生態(tài)持續(xù)能力、社會(huì)公正和人民積極參與自身發(fā)展決策的基礎(chǔ)上Healthy economic development should

29、base on the ecologic sustainability, social justness and that people actively take part in making decision for self-development.,追求的目標(biāo)：Goal to pursue,既要使當(dāng)代人的各種需求得到滿足，又要保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境，不對(duì)后代人的生存和發(fā)展構(gòu)成危害To satisfy needs of the conte

30、mporary generation , to protect ecological environment, and not endanger the existence and development of the next generation.,公平性原則： Fair principle本代人的公平、代際間的公平及資源分配與利用的公平。 持續(xù)性原則： Sustainable principle人類的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展不能超越資

31、源與環(huán)境的承載能力。 共同性原則： Common principle 地球的整體性和相互依賴性，全球 要聯(lián)合行動(dòng),可持續(xù)發(fā)展定義所體現(xiàn)的基本原則The basic principles embodied by the definition of sustainable development.,可持續(xù)發(fā)展的深刻含義：The deep meaning of sustainable development:,1、突出強(qiáng)調(diào)的是發(fā)展，把