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1、Passage1Researchershaveestablishedthatwhenpeoplearementallyengagedbiochemicalchangesoccurinthebrainthatallowittoactmeeffectivelyincognitive（認知的）areassuchasattentionmemy.Thisistrueregardlessofage.Peoplewillbealert(警覺的)rec
2、eptive(接受能力強的)iftheyarefacedwithinfmationthatgetsthemtothinkaboutthingstheyareinterestedin.someonewithahistyofdoingmeratherthanlesswillgointooldagemecognitivelysoundthansomeonewhohasnothadanactivemind.Manyexpertsaresocon
3、vincedofthebenefitsofchallengingthebrainthattheyareputtingthetheytowkintheirownlives.“Theideaisnotnecessarilytolearntomemizeenmousamountsofinfmation”saysJamesFozardassociatedirectoftheNationalInstituteonAging.“Mostofusdo
4、ntneedthatkindofskill.Suchspecifictrainingisoflessinterestthanbeingabletomaintainmentalalertness.”Fozardotherssaytheychallengetheirbrainswithdifferentmentalskillsbothbecausetheyenjoythembecausetheyaresurethattheirrangeof
5、activitieswillhelpthewaytheirbrainswk.GeneCohenactingdirectofthesameinstitutesuggeststhatpeopleintheiroldageshouldengageinmentalphysicalactivitiesindividuallyaswellasingroups.Cohensaysthatwearefrequentlyadvisedtokeepphys
6、icallyactiveasweagebutolderpeopleneedtokeepmentallyactiveaswell.Thosewhodoaremelikelytomaintaintheirintellectualabilitiestobegenerallyhappierbetteradjusted.“Thepointisyouneedtodoboth“Cohensays“intellectualactivityactuall
7、yinfluencesbraincellhealthsize.”1.Peoplewhoarecognitivelyhealthyarethose_______.A)whocanrememberlargeamountsofinfmationB)whoarehighlyintelligentC)whosemindsarealertreceptiveD)whoaregoodatrecognizingdifferentsounds2.Accdi
8、ngtoFozard’sargumentpeoplecanmaketheirbrainswkmeefficientlyby.A)constantlydoingmemywkB)takingpartinvariousmentalactivitiesC)goingthroughspecifictrainingD)makingfrequentadjustments3.ThefindingsofJamesotherscientistsinthei
9、rwk______.A)remainatheytobefurtherprovedB)havebeenchallengedbymanyotherexpertsC)havebeengenerallyacceptedD)arepractisedbytheresearchersthemselves4.Olderpeoplearegenerallyadvisedto_______.A)keepfitbygoinginfphysicalactivi
10、tiesB)keepmentallyactivebychallengingtheirbrainsC)maintainmentalalertnessthroughspecifictrainingD)maintainabalancebetweenindividualgroupactivities5.WhatisthepassagemainlyaboutA)Howbiochemicalchangesoccurinthehumanbrain.d
11、o.D)compulsivebargainhuntersdonothaveproblemswithmoney.4.Thearticleismainlyabout.A)thepsychologyofmoneyspendinghabitsB)thepurchasinghabitsofcompulsivespendersC)aspecialpsychologyofbargainhuntingD)theuseofthepsychologyofs
12、pendinghabitsinbusiness5.Fromthepassagewemaysafelyconcludethatcompulsivespenderscompulsivebargainhunters.A)arereallyunreasonableB)needspecialtreatmentC)arereallybeyondremediesD)cannevergetanyhelptosolvetheirproblemswithm
13、oneyPassage3Thereisnodoubtthatacommonlanguageusedthroughoutthewldwoulddomuchtobringcountriesclosertoeachother.Thoughitisbecomingincreasinglyeasytomovefromplacetoplaceourinabilitytocommunicatewithoneanothergivesrisetonume
14、rousmisunderstingsmakesrealcontactbetweenpeopleofdifferingnationalitiesimpossible.Manyattemptshavebeenmadetoovercomethisproblemtheyhaveallfailed.Thefearoffeigninfluencedominationrulesouttheuniversalacceptanceofanyoneofth
15、eexistingmajlanguages.Awareofthisdifficultymanylinguistshaveconstructedartificiallanguageswhichcouldhavenopossiblepoliticalovertones.TheyhavearguedthatalanguageofthisstwouldperfmmuchthesameserviceasLatindidinthedleAges.A
16、lthoughlinguistssucceededinmakingtheirartificiallanguagesextremelysimplesothattheywouldbeeasytolearntheirefftsseemeddoomedfromthestart.Thereasonfthisisthatthereisnorealincentivetolearnanartificiallanguage.Thereisnothingt
17、oguaranteethateverybodyiswillingtomaketheefftthereisnoassurancethatthelearnerwillhaveanyadequatereturnfhistoil.Whenpeopletodayundertaketolearnafeignlanguagetheyarenotinterestedonlyinspeakingit.Masteryofalanguagemakesavai
18、labletothelearneragreatdealofwthwhileliteraturemanycurrentpublications.Thisisthebiggeststumblingblockofallftheartificiallyconstructedtongue.Havingnoliteratureofitsownallitcanofferisalimitedoftranslationswhicharevalueless
19、inthemselves.Ncanitacquireanyliteraturefitwouldhavetobeusedfagreatmanygenerationsbefethiscouldbecomepossible.Meoverconstantuseoveralongperiodwouldbringintobeingmanynationaldialectsthelanguagewouldthusdefeatitsownpurpose.
20、Anotherseriousobjectionisthefactthatalanguageisshapedbyusenotbydesign.Itisalivingthingwhichisfevergrowingchanging.Ittakeshundredsofyearsbefeitcanacquirerichnessdepth.Inanartificiallanguagehoweverthemeaningsofwdsarerigidl
21、ydefined.Inflexibilitymakesfanabsenceofsubtletysothatnoreallyfinemeaningcanbeconveyed.Thoughthisqualitymightbeadmirablefscientificpublicationsitgreatlyimpedesthefmationofanysignificantliterature.Latinwasidealinthisrespec
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