[雙語翻譯]共享經(jīng)濟(jì)外文翻譯—透視共享經(jīng)濟(jì)（原文）

1、EnvironmentalInnovationandSocietalTransitions23(2017)3–10ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectEnvironmentalInnovationand SocietalTransitionsjournalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/eistPuttingthesharingeconomyintoperspect

2、iveKoenFrenken a,?, JulietSchor ba CopernicusInstituteofSustainableDevelopment,UtrechtUniversity,TheNetherlandsb BostonCollege,UnitedStatesa r t i cl e i nfoArticlehistory:Received1November2016Receivedinrevisedfo

3、rm13January2017Accepted13January2017Availableonline22January2017Keywords:SharingPlatformSustainabilityReversetechnologyassessmentRegulationa bs t r ac tWe developa conceptualframeworkthat allows us to definethe

4、 sharingeconomyand itsclosecousins and we understandits suddenrise from an economic-historicperspective.Wethen assessthe sharingeconomyplatformsin terms of the economic,social and envi-ronmentalimpacts.W

5、e end with reflectionson current regulationsand future alternatives,andsuggesta numberof future researchquestions.© 2017 The Author(s).Publishedby ElsevierB.V. This is an openaccess articleunder th

6、eCCBY license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).1.IntroductionIntheSpringof2014,thesharingeconomyheldanunusualgatheringinSanFrancisco,asortof“comingout”party.Entitled“SHARE,”theconferenceincludednotonlyfounde

7、rs,fundersandfansofthesharingeconomy,butalsoharshcritics.Politicallyprogressiveinsidersandoutsidersraisedquestionsaboutaccess,exclusionandthedistributionofvalueinthesector.Theydiscussedtheirvisionofafairer,lower-carbon,m

8、oretransparent,participatoryandsocially-connectedeconomy,andwhetherthosegoalsareconsistentwiththeactionsofthelarge,moneyedplayers—thesuccessfulplatformsandtheventurecapitalistswhoarebackingthemwithvastsumsoffinance.Morer

9、ecently,akeyfigurefromtheFrenchsharingeconomythinkthankOuiShareevenstatedattheirannualconferenceinParisthat“thesharingeconomyisover”asitdidnotliveupitsinitialpromises(DeGrave,2016).Itisclearthatthesharingeconomyiscreatin

10、genormousamountsofwealth,andthatithasbeenusingasocially-progressivefeel-goodrhetorictodoso.Butwilltheplatformssharethatwealthwithusers—onboththeproviderandusersidesofthemarket?Willtheplatformsensurewidespreadaccess—byexp

11、andingtheiruserbasebeyondthemostlywhite,highlyeducated,able-bodiedurbaniteswhohavecomprisedthebulkofusersinthefirststage?Willtheymakegoodontheirpromisestoprovidedecentlivelihoodsforproviders,opportunitiesforso-called“mic

12、ro-entrepreneurs”andwilltheycontinuetoproviderealvaluetocustomers?Oristherhetoricmerelyathinveneertohideapredatorybusinessmodelthatwillultimatelyappropriatevaluetoinvestorsandfounders,oncethemarketdevelopsandusersarelock

13、edintotheplatforms?Willtheplatformsbehavelikethemonopoliesthatsomeseempoisedtobecome?Whileit’stooearlyfordefinitiveanswerstoanswerthesequestions,we believeitiscrucialwe startaskingtheminamoreanalytical,empiricalandcrit

14、icalmanner.? Correspondingauthor.E-mailaddress:k.frenken@uu.nl(K.Frenken).http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2017.01.0032210-4224/©2017TheAuthor(s).PublishedbyElsevierB.V.ThisisanopenaccessarticleundertheCCBYlicense(h

15、ttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).K.Frenken,J.Schor/EnvironmentalInnovationandSocietalTransitions23(2017)3–105Fig.1.Sharingeconomyandrelatedformsofplatformeconomy(fromFrenkenetal.,2015).temporaryaccesstounder-u

16、tilizedphysicalassets(“idlecapacity”),possiblyformoney.Typicalgoodsthatarecurrentlybeingsharedarecarsandhomes.TheseareexamplesofwhatBenkler(2004)called“shareablegoods”.Inessenceshareablegoodsaregoodsthatbynatureprovideow

17、nerswithexcesscapacity,providingtheconsumerwithanopportunitytolendoutorrentouttheirgoodstootherconsumers.Excesscapacityofaconsumergoodispresentwhentheownerdoesnotconsumetheproductallthetime.Amajorityofconsumergoodscanbeu

18、nderstoodashavingexcesscapacity,includinghouses,cars,boats,houses,clothing,books,toys,appliances,tools,furniture,computers,etc.Thefewexceptionswouldinclude,forexample,eyeglassesandmobilephones.Anotherdimensionofexcesscap

19、acityisthelumpinessofsomegoods.Manyitemscanonlybepurchasedwithexcesscapacitysuchastheunusedmemorycapacityofcomputersortheunusedcarseatsfordailycommuters.Thenotionofsharingofidlecapacityiscentraltothedefinitionofsharingec

20、onomy,becauseitdistinguishesthepracticeofsharingofgoodsfromthepracticeofon-demandpersonalservices.ThereisafundamentaldifferencebetweenorderingataxithroughUber,LyftorDidiandsharingaridethroughBlaBlaCaroranotherhitchhiking

21、orcarpoolingplatform(MeelenandFrenken,2015).Inthecaseofataxiservice,theconsumercreatesnewcapacitybyorderingataxiondemandtodrivethepassengerfromAtoB.Withouttheorder,thetripwouldnothavebeenmadeinthefirstplace.Inthiscase,th

22、etermnowcomingintocommonuseistheon-demandeconomy.Bycontrast,inthecaseofhitchhiking/carpooling,theconsumeroccupiesaseatthatwouldotherwisenothavebeenusedasthedriverhadplannedtogofromAtoBanyway.Hitchhikingandcarpoolingareex

23、amplesofride-sharingandpartofthesharingeconomy(Benkler,2004).Indeed,inthecontextoftransportation,thisdistinctionbetweenon-demandeconomyandsharingeconomyhasbecomeclearerovertimeasmostcommentatorsnowcallUber,LyftandDidirid

24、e-hailingcompaniesinsteadofride-sharing.1Thenotionofunder-utilizationisalsokeytothecurrentdiscussionabouthomesharingplatformssuchasAirbnb.Whenahouseownerisawayforholidaysorabusinesstrip,orhasasparebedroom,theassetisnotut

25、ilized.Thatis,theunoccupiedhousecanbeconsideredastemporaryidlecapacity.If,however,apersonweretobuyasecondhomeandrentitouttotouristspermanently,thatconstitutesrunningacommerciallodgingsite,suchasaB&Borhotel.Basedonthi

26、sdefinition,thesharingeconomycanbedistinguishedfromthreeothertypesofplatformsthataresharingeconomyexamplespre-datingtheInternet.InFig.1,thesharingeconomyisplacedinthecentreasitadherestothethreedefiningcharacteristics:con

27、sumer-to-consumerinteraction(c2c),temporaryaccessandphysicalgoods.Consumerssellinggoodstoeachotheriscalledthesecond-handeconomy.Thisdoesnotfallunderthesharingeconomyasconsumersgranteachotherpermanentaccess,ratherthantemp

28、oraryaccesstotheirgoods.LargeplatformsintermediatingsuchtransactionsareEbayandTaobao.Therearealsoplatformswherepeoplegiveawaygoodstoeachother,without1 OurdistinctionisalsoconsonantwiththeAssociatedPressStylebook,whichsta

29、rtedtodescribetheservicesofUberandLyftasride-hailingfromJanuary2015onwards:“Ride-hailingservicessuchasUberandLyftletpeopleusesmartphoneappstobookandpayforaprivatecarserviceorinsomecases,ataxi.Theymayalsobecalledride-book

30、ingservices.Donotuseride-sharing.”(Warzel,2015).Seealsohttp://www.yourdictionary.com/ride-hailing-service.Alsonotethatthedistinctionbetweenride-hailingandridesharingisnotjustacademic,butalsocarrieslegalimplications.Ajudg

31、eintheNetherlandsarguedthatUbershouldbeseenasataxiserviceandrefutedtheclaimbyUberthatitsUberPoPservice(whichisprovidedbyunlicenseddrivers)istobeviewedascarpooling(DeRechtspraak,2014).JudgesinDenmark,FinlandandFrancecamet