[雙語翻譯]旅游管理專業(yè)外文翻譯—理解智慧旅游生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的概念基礎(chǔ)（原文）

1、Conceptual foundations for understanding smart tourism ecosystemsUlrike Gretzel a, Hannes Werthner b, Chulmo Koo c,?, Carlos Lamsfus da UQ Business School, University of Queensland, Sir Fred Schonell Dr., St. Lucia, QLD

2、4072, Australia b e-Commerce Group, Vienna University of Technology, Favoritenstrasse 9-11/188, Vienna, Austria c College of Hotel and Tourism Management, Kyung Hee University, Kyung Hee Dearo 26, Dongdeamun-Gu, Seoul 13

3、0-701, Republic of Korea d CICtourGUNE, Cooperative Research Center in Tourism, Mikeletegi Pasealekua, 71 – planta 3, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, 20009 Donostia – San Sebastián, Spaina r t i c l e

4、 i n f oArticle history:Available online 9 April 2015Keywords:Smart tourismValue creationSmart technologiesOpen innovationSharing economyTourism experiencea b s t r a c tUsing digital ecosystems and smart business networ

5、ks as conceptual building blocks, this paper defines,describes and illustrates the idea of a smart tourism ecosystem (STE). It further draws on conceptualiza-tions of smart technologies, smart cities and smart tourism to

6、 envision new ways in which value is cre-ated, exchanged and consumed in the STE. Technologies essential to the functioning of an STE aredescribed and it is argued that data emerging from these technologies are the drive

7、r for new businessmodels, interaction paradigms and even new species. Critical questions regarding the need for regulatoryintervention and innovative research are raised.? 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Ecosystem

8、s are generally defined as communities of interactingorganisms and their environments (TheFreeDictionary, 2015), and are typically described as complex networks formed because of resource interdependencies. McCormack (20

9、11) explains that ecosystems, like other kinds of systems, are comprised of elements, interconnections and a function/purpose, but are special types of systems in that their elements are intelligent, autonomous, adap- ti

10、ve agents that often form communities and also because of the way they adapt to elements being added or removed. Boley and Chang (2007) list four critical elements of ecosystems: (1) interac- tion/engagement; (2) balance

11、; (3) loosely coupled actors with shared goals; and, (4) self-organization. This means that in ecosys- tems individual agents or groups of agents proactively form sym- biotic relationships to increase individual benefits

12、 and to achieve shared goals; that local interactions determine the global behavior or state of the system; and, that balance is needed to prevent sys- tem collapse. The relationships and interdependencies ensure that re

13、sources are consumed effectively and sustainably. Considering ecosystems in their entirety rather than centering on specific actors/elements allows for more holistic perspectives, recognizes that small changes can have s

14、ubstantial effects, encourages a focus on complex relationships, emphasizes dynamic change, and acknowledges the importance of the physical environment or infrastructure that supports the system.Applied to the business w

15、orld, the term ‘‘ecosystem’’ is used todescribe the relationships among economic entities (producers, distributors, consumers, government agencies, etc.) that, through competition and/or cooperation, facilitate the creat

16、ion and distribution of a product or service (Investopedia, 2015). There is a general understanding that the environment in which these enti- ties operate, i.e. in and through which they produce, exchange and consume val

17、ue, is rapidly changing and requires their relationships to co-evolve. Moore (1993) stressed that such an economic com- munity often faces the arrival of new species, which requires realignment and redefinition of the re

18、lationships that underpin the system. While such new species can emerge out of nowhere through genetic mutations, it is more often the environmental changes that cause or at least facilitate dramatic shifts in power over

19、 resources.Hwang (2014) sees these dynamics in the ecosystem and its openness as the main characteristics that distinguish it from other, more static and managed forms of business networks such as industrial districts or

20、 clusters. Also, it means that instead of planning and managing, the focus with business ecosystems is on establishing the environmental conditions under which their ele- ments can thrive and on making engagement not onl

21、y possible but easy. Recognizing the ecosystem’s embeddedness in communi- ties and larger society and creating shared value that simultane- ously enhances business competitiveness and advances economic and social conditi

22、ons have been identified by Porter and Kramer (2011) as fundamental for unleashing innovation and for sustain- ing productivity in these business ecosystems.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.0430747-5632/? 2015 Els

23、evier Ltd. All rights reserved.? Corresponding author.E-mail addresses: u.gretzel@business.uq.edu.au (U. Gretzel), hannes.werthner@ec.tuwien.ac.at (H. Werthner), helmetgu@khu.ac.kr (C. Koo), carloslamsfus@tourgune.org (C

24、. Lamsfus).Computers in Human Behavior 50 (2015) 558–563Contents lists available at ScienceDirectComputers in Human Behaviorjournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/comphumbehinformation dissemination is the key to smar

25、t city success. Smart cities use ICTs to collect, integrate and exploit data to allow for optimal use of physical infrastructure and other resources (Koo, Gretzel, Hunter Guo, Liu & Chai, 2014).Smart tourism then en

26、compasses touristic activities that are informed and supported by smart technology (Gretzel, Sigala, Xiang & Koo, 2015a). A smart tourism ecosystem (STE) consequently can be defined as a tourism system that takes adv

27、antage of smart technology in creating, managing and delivering intelligent touristic services/experiences and is characterized by intensive information sharing and value co-creation. Collecting, processing and exchang-

28、ing tourism-relevant data is a core function within the STE (Zhang, 2012). Guo et al. (2014) refer to this phenomenon as informatization of tourism as a result of smart technology integration. Rather than being a tourism

29、 business-centric ecosystem, the STE includes a vari- ety of ‘‘species’’ such as touristic and residential consumers, tourism suppliers, tourism intermediaries (travel operators and travel agents), support services (tele

30、communications, banking/payment services), platforms and media (Facebook, TripAdvisor, AirBnB, etc.), regulatory bodies and NGOs, transportation carriers, travel technology and data companies (Amadeus, Sabre, etc.), cons

31、ulting services, touristic and residential infrastructure (pools, parks, museums, etc.) and companies typically assigned to other industries (medical services, retailing, etc.).The term smart tourism ecosystem implies fi

32、rst and foremost that its focus is on a shared goal or purpose related to the productionand consumption of touristic value, culminating in meaningful touristic experiences. As indicated above, economic and environ- menta

33、l sustainability are also inherent priorities at the system level as these resources are essential for the viability of the smart tourism ecosystem. Thus, in essence, the shared goal of an STE is the avail- ability of en

34、hanced/enriched, high-value, meaningful and sustain- able tourism experiences (Buhalis & Amaranggana, 2014). To achieve this, a digital ecosystem that provides technological resources and facilitates interactions wit

35、hin species and among spe- cies forms the essential core of the STE. It takes up all data produced and shared by the various species and the physical environment in which the tourism experiences are embedded. It provides

36、 data col- lection, processing and communication capabilities and includes the physical/device layer as well as an extensive technology service layer. The STE also includes a physical environment component that is enable

37、d and integrated into the STE through sensor technology. Smart technology makes it possible for interactions to happen at the species as well as the individual agent level (no matter whether these agents are physical, te

38、chnical or social elements) and all forms of interactions and symbiotic relationships are supported. Calatrava Moreno, Hörhager, Schuster & Werthner, 2015 in their discussion of an open service platform add a fu

39、rther – more competitive – aspect: by enabling an easy plug and play business environment such a sys- tem facilitates ongoing and open innovation, since new service pro- viders can connect to the system and add value to

40、the overall networkon a continuous,fluid basis. This is coherent with a platform innovation approach and the smart business networks metaphor described above, relying on a network approach for connecting and integrating

41、many different, also competing, players.In the literature, STEs are typically thought about as smart des- tinations because of the conceptual roots in smart cities. Lopez de Avila (2015) defined the smart destination as‘

42、‘a(chǎn)n innovative tourist destination, built on an infrastructure of state-of-the-art technology guaranteeing the sustainable develop- ment of tourist areas, accessible to everyone, which facilitates the visitor’s interacti

43、on with and integration into his or her surround- ings, increases the quality of the experience at the destination, and improves residents’ quality of life.’’@Fig. 1. The tourism system as a technology-supported value ch